Compositions, gels and foams with rheology modulators and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates generally to compositions for cosmetic or pharmaceutical application. The compositions include a carrier and rheology modulators.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/100,724, filed May 4, 2011.

U.S. application Ser. No. 13/100,724, filed May 4, 2011, is a continuation-in-part application of International Application No. PCT/IB2010/002612, filed Oct. 1, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Gels, and Their Uses,” which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,144, filed Oct. 2, 2009, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/322,148, filed Apr. 8, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/349,911, filed May 31, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/385,385, filed Sep. 22, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Gels and Their Uses;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/331,126, filed May 4, 2010, and entitled “Compositions, Gels and Foams with Rheology Modulators and Uses Thereof;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/388,884, filed Oct. 1, 2010, and entitled “Compositions, Gels and Foams With Rheology Modulators and Uses Thereof”; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/380,568, filed Sep. 7, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions and Breakable Foams and Their Uses; all of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

U.S. application Ser. No. 13/100,724, filed May 4, 2011, is a continuation-in-part application of International Application No. PCT/IB2010/002617, filed Oct. 1, 2010, and entitled “Topical Tetracycline Compositions” which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,144, filed Oct. 2, 2009, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/322,148, filed Apr. 8, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/349,911, filed May 31, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/385,385, filed Sep. 22, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Gels and Their Uses;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/331,126, filed May 4, 2010, and entitled “Compositions, Gels and Foams with Rheology Modulators and Uses Thereof;” U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/388,884, filed Oct. 1, 2010, and entitled “Compositions, Gels and Foams With Rheology Modulators and Uses Thereof”; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/380,568, filed Sep. 7, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions and Breakable Foams and Their Uses; all of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

U.S. application Ser. No. 13/100,724, filed May 4, 2011, is a continuation-in-part application of International Application No. PCT/IB2010/002613, filed Oct. 1, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses” which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,144, filed Oct. 2, 2009, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/322,148, filed Apr. 8, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/349,911, filed May 31, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Their Uses; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/385,385, filed Sep. 22, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams and Gels and Their Uses; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/331,126, filed May 4, 2010, and entitled “Compositions, Gels and Foams with Rheology Modulators and Uses Thereof; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/388,884, filed Oct. 1, 2010, and entitled “Compositions, Gels and Foams With Rheology Modulators and Uses Thereof”; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/380,568, filed Sep. 7, 2010, and entitled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions and Breakable Foams and Their Uses; all of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND

The term rheology, describes the flow dynamics of liquids and the deformation of solids. Rheological properties of heterogeneous dispersions are complex and cannot be expressed in a single parameter. Manufacturers of medicinal and cosmetic gels, creams, pastes, lotions and foams must be capable of producing products with acceptable consistency and smoothness and reproducing these qualities each time a new batch is prepared including its look, feel, body, and consistency.

Rheology is involved in the mixing and flow of materials, their packaging into containers, and their dispensing prior to use, whether this is achieved by pouring from a bottle, extrusion from a tube, passage through a syringe needle, or extrusion through a valve. The rheology of a particular product, which can range in consistency from fluid to semisolid to solid, can affect its patient acceptability, physical stability, and even biologic availability. For example, viscosity which is a rheological property has been shown to affect absorption rates of drugs.

Pharmaceutical areas, in which rheology is significant include product design and processing are fluids, quasi-solids, solids, and processing. Rheology of fluids is pertinent in respect of: (a) mixing fluids; (b) reduction of systems with shear; (c) passage through orifices, including pouring, packaging in bottles, passage through hypodermic needles and passage through valves; (d) fluid transfer, including pumping and flow through pipes; and (e) physical stability of disperse systems. Rheology of quasi-solids or semi-solids is pertinent including in respect of: (a) spreading and adherence on the skin; (b) removal from jars or extrusion from tubes; (c) capacity of solids to mix with miscible liquids; and (d) release of the drug from the base.

When classifying materials according to types of flow and deformation, it is customary to place them in one of two categories: Newtonian or non-Newtonian systems. The choice depends on whether or not their flow properties are in accord with Newton's law of flow. Newton recognized that the higher the viscosity of a liquid, the greater is the force per unit area (shearing stress) required to produce a certain rate of shear. Many fluid pharmaceutical products behave as Non-Newtonian systems.

Rheological properties such as tackiness or stickiness, “body,” “slip,” and “spreadability” are difficult to measure by means of conventional apparatus and, in fact, do not have precise meanings. Whereas, viscosity, yield value, thixotropy, and the other properties that contribute to the total consistency of non-Newtonian pharmaceuticals can be analyzed.

Viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance of a fluid to flow which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress; the higher the viscosity, the greater is the resistance. Simple liquids can be described in terms of absolute viscosity. In everyday terms (and for fluids only), viscosity is “thickness” and may be thought of as an indication of fluid friction. Shear viscosity, describes the reaction to applied shear stress; in other words, it is the ratio between the pressure exerted on the surface of a fluid, in the lateral or horizontal direction, to velocity gradient.

Gels are jelly-like material that can have properties ranging from soft and fluid to hard and tough. Gels may be in liquid, semi-liquid or solid state. Solid gels are defined as a substantially diluted crosslinked system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady-state. By weight, gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like semi-solids due to a three-dimensional crosslinked network of a solidifying, gelling or thickening agent within the liquid. It is the crosslinks within the fluid that give a gel its structure (hardness) and contribute to stickiness (tack). Depending on the amounts of gelling agents in a formulation the gel may be semi solid with some limited flowability, such that when the semi-solid gel is placed in a tube and is inclined horizontally from a vertical position it will slowly flow from the vertical towards the horizontal or it may be a liquid gel where the amount of gelling agents or gelling effect is lower such that the gel structure or connections are weaker or loose so that when placed in a tube and tilted from a vertical position to the horizontal the gel readily flows and adapts to the horizontal position. The rheological properties of gels at different surface temperatures can influence the release and bioabsorption of drugs therefrom.

It is a desirable property for composition for topical use to have controllable viscosity. High viscosity is required to avoid drips and runs for ease of application and improve suspending properties in order to avoid rapid sedimentation of non-dissolved active ingredients. Whereas, low viscosity is desirable to enable spreadability and good flow properties. The less viscous something is, the greater its ease of movement (fluidity). A delicate balance between these two attributes is sought out in accordance with the intended use of the compositions. This balance is difficult to attain as viscosity of a composition is influenced by different factors such as reaction or interaction between different components under different temperature and pressure conditions.

Thickening or solidifying agent or solidifying complexes are materials added to a composition which increase viscosity and retard sedimentation. The use of waxes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids and 12 hydroxy stearic acid, in solidifying oils is known. Pharmaceutical compositions having a netted framework, comprising an oil and beeswax as a gelling agent that form a film after application on a body surface are also known. Netted frameworks and/or films can be in certain circumstances be a disadvantage.

The addition of a fatty alcohol, or a fatty acid, or both to a liquid oil also gives rise to thixotropic properties (e.g., being semi-solid at rest and liquid upon application of shear forces thereto). This property enables application of a thixotropic mixture as a semi-solid state to a body surface, which subsequently becomes substantially liquid and therefore more spreadable and penetrable when rubbed onto the body surface. Thus, they are semi-solid at rest and that they liquefy upon application of shear forces thereto. Semi-solid hydrophobic formulations are important not only for the pharmaceutical market but also for cosmetic products, such as carriers of sunscreen compounds, oil-soluble plant extracts, materials for scrubbing purposes and other active and non-active cosmetic ingredients.

Foams and, in particular, single-phase oleaginous foams are complicated systems which do not form under all circumstances. Slight shifts in foam composition, such as by the addition of active agents or the removal of any of the essential ingredients, may destabilize the foam. The prior art teaches that oleaginous foam compositions require significant amounts of surface active agents to form a foam. These compositions require various standard surfactants, as essential components.

Surfactants are known as essential ingredients in foam compositions; and specifically in oleaginous foams. However, many surfactants are known to be irritating when left on the skin can also react with unstable active agents and lead to their rapid degradation.

Gels and foams are not pharmaceutically equivalent, unless their composition upon administration is similar.

SUMMARY

The present application relates to compositions comprising a carrier and a first and second rheology modulator or modulator (used interchangeably). The application also relates to compositions or foamable compositions and foam without surfactants and/or without polymeric agents comprising an oleaginous carrier, a first rheology modulator which is a suspended pharmaceutical or cosmetic active agent (referred as “active agent”) and second rheology modulator consisting of at least one fatty alcohol, at least one fatty acid, at least one wax and mixtures of two or more thereof. Solid fatty alcohols and/or fatty acids and/or waxes were carefully selected through experimentation as suitable thickening agents, which can be compatible with unstable active agents.

It was surprisingly discovered that the addition of a very low concentration of a suspended active agent into a composition or formulation comprising a hydrophobic solvent, together with a second rheology modulator, which may be at least one fatty alcohol or at least one fatty acid, and/or at least one wax and mixtures of two or more thereof dramatically modulates the rheological properties of the composition and in particular can synergistically increase the viscosity of a composition, thereby providing improved usability of the composition.

It was further surprisingly discovered in the present invention, that certain compositions comprising a hydrophobic solvent, together with a second rheology modulator, which may be at least one fatty alcohol or at least one fatty acid, and/or at least one wax and mixtures of two or more thereof; and a suspended active agent without any surface active agents resulted, upon packaging in an aerosol container and adding a propellant, in a shakable and homogenous foamable composition, which released a breakable foam with good to excellent quality (as defined herein).

The resulting foam is pharmaceutically equivalent to the respective gel (prior to adding the propellant), since immediately upon dispensing of the foam the propellant evaporates and the composition upon administration is similar to that of the gel. This is an important pragmatic advantage, because many drug development activities, including expensive and lengthy clinical trials on thousands of patients, can be saved by conducting such studies once for both the gel and foam instead of twice.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition for cosmetic or pharmaceutical application comprising:

-   -   a) a first rheology modulator comprising a suspended         pharmaceutical active agent or a suspended cosmetic active         agent;     -   b) a second rheology modulator comprising at least one fatty         alcohol, at least one fatty acid, at least one wax and mixtures         thereof and     -   c) a hydrophobic carrier comprising at least one hydrophobic         solvent;     -   wherein the viscosity of the composition is at least about 30%         higher than the viscosity of a first partial composition         comprising the second rheology modulator agent and the         hydrophobic carrier without the first rheology modulator; and is         higher than the viscosity of a second partial composition         comprising the first rheology modulator and the hydrophobic         carrier without the second rheology modulator; and

In certain embodiments, the viscosity of the first partial composition is less than about 25,000 cPs at room temperature.

According to an another embodiment the composition further comprises about 1% to about 25% by weight of a polar solvent or a penetration enhancer.

In one or more embodiments the first rheology modulator comprises at least one tetracycline. In one or more embodiments the tetracycline is compatible with the carrier and with the second rheology modulator.

In one or more embodiments the amount of first rheology modulator is a therapeutically effective amount. In one or more embodiments the first rheology modulator is a suspended active agent.

In one or more embodiments the active agent is a tetracycline. In one or more embodiments the tetracycline is tetracycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, lymecycline, meclocycline, methacycline, minocycline, rolitetracycline, chlorotetracycline or tigecycline. In one or more embodiments the tetracycline is tetracycline, minocycline or doxycycline or a salt thereof. In one or more embodiments the tetracycline is a mixture of two or more tetracyclines. In one or more embodiments the tetracycline is a hydrophobic tetracycline, selected from minocycline and doxycycline. In one or more embodiments it is a mixture of both. In one or more embodiments the tetracycline is present in a free base form, a hydrate form, a salt form or a complex form. In one or more embodiments at least part of the tetracycline is not soluble and is suspended in the composition. A tetracycline that is suitable as a first rheology modulator according to the present invention is one that is not soluble or is partially soluble and all or part thereof is suspended in the composition.

In one or more embodiments the better rheology includes one or more of a reduction in composition flow, an increase in composition viscosity, an increase in hardness, or an increase in adhesion, and/or thixotropy, or any two or more thereof.

Viscosity is raised significantly when a formulation comprising beeswax in combination with another wax or a fatty acid or fatty alcohol in a hydrophobic carrier is challenged with a first rheology active agent (minocycline).

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition wherein the viscosity of the composition changes with time whilst the composition is flowing. In certain embodiments the change is an increase. In certain other embodiments the change is a decrease. In some embodiments the composition is not flowing.

In one or more embodiments upon addition of the first rheology modulator to a composition comprising a second rheology modulator the composition becomes more viscous. An example is where a tetracycline antibiotic is added to a fatty alcohol in an oil carrier [see Examples 4 and 5].

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the first and second rheology modulators act synergistically. In one or more embodiments the first and second modulators act synergistically to increase the viscosity of the composition.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the viscosity of the composition after addition of the first rheology modulator and second rheology modulator to the carrier is higher than the viscosity of the composition with the second modulator agent to the carrier, without the first modulator; and is higher than the viscosity of the composition with the first modulator to the carrier without the second modulator.

In an embodiment or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier wherein by adding an active agent to a composition comprising a second rheology modulator one or more rheological properties of the composition are modulated such as the viscosity of the composition is changed (e.g., increased substantially).

In one or more embodiments, there is provided an oleaginous formulation comprising a hydrophobic solvent, such as mineral oil(s) and at least one suspended active agent which is a tetracycline in synergistic combination with a second rheology modulator comprising a fatty alcohol and/or a fatty acid and/or a wax.

A composition comprising the second rheology modulator and the hydrophobic carrier without the first rheology modulator is designated a first partial composition and a composition comprising the first rheology modulator and the hydrophobic carrier without the second rheology modulator is designated a second partial composition. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the composition is at least about 50% more than the viscosity of the first partial composition without the first rheology modulator. In one or more embodiments the increase in viscosity of the composition is at least about 100% more than the viscosity of the first partial composition without the first rheology modulator. In one or more embodiments the increase in viscosity of the composition is at least about 100% and viscosity of the first partial composition without the first rheology modulator is less than about 12,000 cPs; or less than about 8,000 cPs; or less than about 2,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the first partial composition without the first rheology modulator is more than about 1,000 cPs; or more than about 1,300 cPs; or more than about 1,500 cPs. or more than about 1,800 cPs or more than about 2000 cPs.

In certain embodiments the increase in viscosity is a synergistic increase such that the combined viscosity of the first partial composition and the viscosity of the second partial composition is less than the viscosity of the composition.

In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 20% or more than 20%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 30% or more than 30%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 40% or more than 40%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 50% or more than 50%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 100% or more than 100%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 150% or more than 150%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 200% or more than 200%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 250% or more than 250%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 300% or more than 300%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 350% or more than 350%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 400% or more than 400%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least 450% or at least more than 450%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 500% or more than 500%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 1000% or more than 1000%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 1500% or more than 1500%. %. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 2000% or more than 2000%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 2500% or more than 2500%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 20% or more than 20%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 30% or more than 30%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is at least about 40% or more than 40%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is between about 50% and about 100%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is between about 100% and about 500%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is between about 500% and about 1000%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is between about 1000% and about 1500%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is between about 1500% and about 2000%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is between about 2000% and about 2500%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is between about 50% and about 3000%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is in a range between about 150% and about 1000%. In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is in a range between about 1000% and about 2500% In one or more embodiments the change in viscosity is between about 100% and about 2500%; about 100% and about 2000%; about 100% and about 1500%; or about 100% and about 1000%.

In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator (namely the first partial composition) is less than about 30,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 25,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 20,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 15,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 12,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier is less than about 10,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 8,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 6,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 5,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 4,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 3,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 2,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 1,000 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 500 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 30,000 cPs; is less than about 25,000 cPs; is less than about 20,000 cPs; is less than about 15,000 cPs; is less than about 12,000 cPs; is less than about 10,000 cPs; is less than about 8,000 cPs; is less than about 6,000 cPs; is less than about 5,000 cPs; is less than about 4,000 cPs; is less than about 3,000 cPs; is less than about 2,000 cPs; is less than about 1,000 cPs; or is less than about 500 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 30,000 cPs; is less than about 25,000 cPs; is less than about 20,000 cPs; is less than about 15,000 cPs; is less than about 12,000 cPs; is less than about 10,000 cPs; is less than about 8,000 cPs; is less than about 6,000 cPs; is less than about 5,000 cPs; is less than about 4,000 cPs; is less than about 3,000 cPs; is less than about 2,000 cPs; is less than about 1,000 cPs; or is less than about 500 cPs. In one or more embodiments the viscosity range of the carrier or the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator or the carrier and the composition prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator includes about 30,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 25,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 20,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 12,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 10,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 8,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 6,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 5,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 4,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; about 2,000 cPs to about 1,000 cPs; or about 2,000 cPs to about 500 cPs; about 25,000 cPs to about 500 cPs; about 20,000 cPs to about 500 cPs; about 12,000 cPs to about 500 cPs; about 10,000 cPs to about 500 cPs; about 8,000 cPs to about 500 cPs; about 6,000 cPs to about 500 cPs; about 6,000 cPs to about 150 cPs; about 4,000 cPs to about 150 cPs; about 2,000 cPs to about 150 cPs; or about 1,000 cPs to about 150 cPs;

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the active agent is in an amount that is capable of altering the viscosity of the composition to a level higher than the viscosity of the composition prior to the addition of the active agent and wherein the second rheology modulator is capable of altering the viscosity of the composition before, upon or following the addition of the first modulator.

In one or more embodiments the composition is substantially waterless.

In one or more embodiments the composition is a liquid or freely flowable. In one or more embodiments the composition is a semi solid. In one or more embodiments the composition is a thick gel.

In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of one or more of the following:

-   -   a) Water;     -   b) Polymeric agent;     -   c) Surfactant;     -   d) Short chain alcohol;     -   e) Polyol;

In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of two or more of water; polymeric agent; surfactant; short chain alcohol; or polyol. In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of three or more of water; polymeric agent; surfactant; short chain alcohol; or polyol. In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of four or more of water; polymeric agent; surfactant; short chain alcohol; or polyol. In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of water; polymeric agents; surfactants; short chain alcohols; and polyols.

For example, in one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of water, polymeric agents, surfactants, short chain alcohol and polyols. In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of polymeric agents, surfactants, short chain alcohol and polyols. In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of water, surfactants, short chain alcohols and polyols. In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of water, polymeric agents, short chain alcohols and polyols. In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of water, polymeric agents, surfactants and polyols. In one or more embodiments the composition is essentially free of water, polymeric agents, surfactants and short chain alcohols.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the composition has one two or three the following characteristics:

-   -   a) Provides for chemical stability of the active agent in the         composition;     -   b) Provides for physical stability of the composition;     -   c) Provides a therapeutic effect;

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the active agent is stable at room temperature for at least 1 month, or at least 2 months, or at least 3 months, or at least 4 months, or at least 5 months, or at least 6 months, or at least 12 months, or at least 18 months. In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the active is stable at 40° C. for at least 1 month, or at least 2 months, or at least 3 months, or at least 4 months, or at least 5 months, or at least 6 months.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the active agent forms a complex with one or more excipients.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the active agent is chemically stable in the presence of the second rheology modulator and/or the carrier.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the suspended active agent is selected from a list comprising a tetracycline, mometasone furoate, doxycycline hyclate, salicylic acid, diclofenac, urea, terbinafine, permethrin, metronidazole, pimecrolimus and benzoyl peroxide.

In one or more embodiments certain active agent, which are fully soluble in the composition including cholesterol and vitamin E also demonstrate a synergistic viscosity increase.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the rheology modulator is selected from the group comprising a fatty alcohol, a fatty acid, beeswax, beeswax extract, a paraffin wax and hydrogenated castor oil and mixture thereof.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the second rheology modulator comprises at least one fatty alcohol, or at least one fatty acid or least one wax or mixtures of two or more thereof.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the second rheology modulator comprises a combination of (i) at least one fatty alcohol, (ii) at least one fatty acid; and (iii) at least one wax.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the second rheology modulator comprises a compound, selected from the groups consisting of at least one fatty alcohol, at least one fatty acid, at least one wax and mixtures of two or more thereof. At least one fatty alcohol is selected from the group consisting of (a) a fatty alcohol having 14 or more carbons in their carbon chain, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, tetracosanol, hexacosanol, octacosanol, triacontanol, tetratriacontanol, 1-triacontanol and a fatty alcohol, having a carbon chain between C30 and C50, (b) a fatty alcohol mixture, derived from beeswax, (c) a therapeutically-active fatty alcohol. At least one fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy fatty acid, a fatty acid having 12 or more carbons in its carbon chain, dodecanoic acid, myristic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, tetracosanoic acid, hexacosanoic acid, heptacosanoic acid, octacosanoic acid, triacontanoic acid, dotriacontanoic acid, tritriacontanoic acid, tetratriacontanoic acid and pentatriacontanoic acid and a fatty acid, having a carbon chain between C30 and C50. At least one wax is selected from the group consisting of: a wax, having the properties of (i) plastic behavior at ambient temperatures, (ii) a melting point above approximately 45° C., (iii) a relatively low viscosity when melted; and (iv) hydrophobic nature;

In one or more embodiments the composition further comprises a liquefied or compressed gas propellant wherein the composition is a foamable composition;

-   -   wherein the second rheology modulator is about 0.1% to about 20%         by weight of the composition; wherein the hydrophobic carrier is         about 60% to about 95% by weight of the composition and wherein         the ratio of composition other than propellant to propellant is         from about 100:1 to about 100:30; and wherein upon dispensing         the foamable carrier composition forms a breakable foam that         breaks easily upon application of shear force. In an embodiment         the formulation is short term stable.

In one or more embodiments, the formulation is a gel that is capable of forming a foamable composition when packaged into an aerosol canister, equipped with a valve and pressurized with a liquid or pressurized gas propellant and is capable of releasing a foam of quality that is breakable upon application of shear force but is not thermolabile at about or close to body temperature (about 36° C.).

In one or more embodiments, upon addition of between about 4% to about 8%; or about 8% to about 12% propellant, the formulations provide a foam of good or excellent quality that had a collapse time in excess of 3 minutes.

In an embodiment the wax is selected from the group consisting of vegetable wax, beeswax, chinese wax, cotton wax, bayberry wax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, castor wax, cuban palm wax, esparto wax, fir wax, flax wax, flower wax, fat wax, japan wax, sandy wax, lanolin wax, ouricury wax, palm waxes, rice bran wax, rice-oil wax, shellac wax, soy wax, sugar cane wax, ucuhuba wax, a hydrogenated oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, or hydrogenated jojoba oil, mink wax, montan wax, ozokerite, PEG-6 beeswax, rezo wax, spent grain wax, stearyl dimethicone, a paraffin wax, paraffin 58-62° C. wax, paraffin 51-53° C. wax, paraffin 42-44° C. wax, synthetic mineral wax, fischer-tropsch wax, duroxon wax, or polymekon wax, synthetic waxes, albacer wax, atlasene wax, BASF waxes, cardis waxes, ceramid, glyco waxes, flexo wax, or oxazoline waxes, as well as other waxes, as described in “The Complete Technology Book on Wax and Polishes, Publisher: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc., 2006”.

In one or more embodiments the wax is a mixture of two or more waxes. In certain embodiments the mixture of waxes comprises hydrogenated caster oil and beeswax.

In one or more embodiments the ratio of fatty alcohol to wax or fatty acid to wax or fatty alcohol and fatty acid to wax can be between about 1:10 to about 10:1. In one or more embodiments the ratio of fatty alcohol to wax or fatty acid to wax or fatty alcohol and fatty acid to wax can be between about 1:5 to about 5:1. In one or more embodiments the ratio of fatty alcohol to wax or fatty acid to wax or fatty alcohol and fatty acid to wax can be between about 1:3 to about 3:1. In one or more embodiments the ratio of fatty alcohol to wax or fatty acid to wax or fatty alcohol and fatty acid to wax can be between about 1:2 to about 2:1. In one or more embodiments the ratio of fatty alcohol to wax or fatty acid to wax or fatty alcohol and fatty acid to wax can be about 1:1.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which cholesterol has a rheology effect, wherein it acts as a viscosity booster.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the concentration of the first rheology modulator in the composition is from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight.

The composition comprises at least one hydrophobic solvent

In one or more embodiments the hydrophobic solvent is selected from the group consisting of a diglyceride, a therapeutic oil, acetylated lanolin alcohol, alexandria laurel tree oil, alkyl benzoate, alkyl octanoate, almond oil, an essential oil, an unsaturated or polyunsaturated oil, apricot stone oil, arachidyl behenate, arachidyl propionate, avocado oil, barley oil, basil oil, beeswax, benzyl laurate, benzyl myristate, benzyl palmitate, bis (octyldodecyl stearoyl) dimer dilinoleate, borage seed oil, butyl myristate, butyl stearate, C12-C15 alkyl benzoate, C12-C15 alkyl octanoate, calendula oil, camphor oil, canelle nut tree oil, canola oil, capric/caprylic triglycerides, caprylic/capric triglyceride castor oil, caprylyl methicone, cardamom oil, carrot oil, castor oil, cetearyl ethylhexanoate, cetearyl isononanoate, cetearyl octanoate, cetyl acetate, cetyl dimethicone, cetyl ethylhexanoate, cetyl lactate, cetyl myristate, cetyl octanoate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl ricinoleate, citronella oil, clary sage oil, clove oil, cocoglycerides, coconut oil, cod-liver oil, corn oil, cotton oil, cottonseed oil, cyclohexasiloxane, cyclomethicone, Cyclomethicone 5-NF (cyclopentasiloxane), cyclotetrasiloxane, cypress oil, decyl oleate, diethyleneglycol diethylhexanoate, diethyleneglycol diisononanoate, diethyleneglycol dioctanoate, diethylhexanoate, diethylhexyl adipate, diethylhexyl malate, diethylhexyl succinate, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl dimerate, diisopropyl sebacate, diisosteary dimer dilinoleate, diisostearyl fumerate, dimethicone, dimethyl polysiloxane, dioctyl malate, dioctyl sebacate, disopropyl adipate, dodecyl oleate, Dow Corning 244 Fluid (cyclotetrasiloxane), Dow corning 246 Fluid (d6+d5) (cyclohexasiloxane & cyclopentasiloxane), epoxy-modified silicone oil, essential oils, ester derivatives of lanolic acid, ester oils, ethylhexyl cocoate, ethylhexyl ethylhexanoate, ethylhexyl hydroxystarate, ethylhexyl isononanoate, ethylhexyl palmitate, ethylhexyl palmytate, ethylhexyl pelargonate, ethylhexyl stearate, evening primrose oil, fatty acid-modified silicone oil, flaxseed oil, fluoro group-modified silicone oil, frankincense oil, gelled mineral oil, ginger oil, glycereth triacetate, glycerol triheptanoate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl trioctanoate, glyceryl triundecanoate, grape seed oil, grapefruit oil, groundnut oil, hard fat, hazelnut oil, heavy mineral oil, hempseed oil, herring oil, hexadecyl stearate, hexyl laurate, hydrocarbon oils, hydrogenated castor oil, hyssop oil, isoamyl laurate, isocetearyl octanoate, isocetyl isocetyl behenate, isocetyl lanolate, isocetyl palmitate, isocetyl salicylate, isocetyl stearate, isocetyl stearoyl stearate, isodecyl ethylhexanoate, isodecyl isononanoate, isodecyl oleate, isododecane, isohexadecane isododecane, isohexadecanol, isohexyl decanoate, isononyl isononanoate, isononyl octanoate, isoparaffin, isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl lanolate, isopropyl laurate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isosteary citrate, isosteary salicylate, isosteary tartarate, isostearyl behenate, isostearyl erucate, isostearyl glycolate, isostearyl isononanoate, isostearyl isostearate, isostearyl lactate, isostearyl linoleate, isostearyl linolenate, isostearyl malate, isostearyl neopentanoate, isostearyl palmitate, isotridecyl isononanoate, jasmine oil, jojoba oil, lauryl lactate, lavender oil, lemon oil, light mineral oil, liquid paraffin, liquid triglycerides, lucerne oil, maize germ oil, maleated soybean oil, mandarin oil, manuka oil, marjoram oil, marrow oil, MCT oil, methylphenylpolysiloxane, millet oil, mineral oil, myristyl lactate, myristyl myristate, myristyl neopentanoate, myristyl propionate, myrrh oil, neopentylglycol dicaprate, neopentylglycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, neroli oil, nutmeg oil, octyl palmitate, octyl stearate, octyldodecanol, octyldodecyl behenate, octyldodecyl hydroxystearate, octyldodecyl myristate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, oils from animal origin, oils of plant origin, oleyl erucate, oleyl lactate, oleyl oleate, olive oil, or dimethiconol, palm oil, passionflower oil, peanut oil, PEG/PPG 18/18 dimethicone, pentaerythrityl tetrastearate, petitgrain oil, petrolatum, phenyl trimethicone, phenyltrimethicone, poly(dimethylsiloxane)-(diphenyl-siloxane) copolymer, polyalkyl siloxane, polyalkylaryl siloxane, polyalphaolefin, polyaryl siloxane, polyaryl siloxanes, polyether group-modified silicone oil cyclomethicone, polyether siloxane copolymer, polyether siloxane copolymers, polyisobutylene, polyolefin, poppy oil, PPG alkyl ethers, PPG-10 cetyl ether, PPG-10 oleyl ether, PPG-11 stearyl ether, PPG-12 butyl ether, PPG-14 butyl ether, PPG-15 butyl ether, PPG-15 stearyl ether, PPG-16 butyl ether, PPG-17 butyl ether, PPG-18 butyl ether, PPG-2 butyl ether, PPG-2 methyl ether, PPG-20 butyl ether, PPG-20 oleyl ether, PPG-22 butyl ether, PPG-23 oleyl ether, PPG-24 butyl ether, PPG-26 butyl ether, PPG-28 cetyl ether, PPG-3 methyl ether, PPG-3 myristyl ether, PPG-30 butyl ether, PPG-30 cetyl ether, PPG-30 isocetyl ether, PPG-30 oleyl ether, PPG-33 butyl ether, PPG-37 oleyl ether, PPG-4 butyl ether, PPG-4 lauryl ether, PPG-4 myristyl ether, PPG-40 butyl ether, PPG-5 butyl ether, PPG-50 cetyl ether, PPG-50 oleyl ether, PPG-52 butyl ether, PPG-53 butyl ether, PPG-7 lauryl ether, PPG-9 butyl ether, PPG-9-13 butyl ether, propyl myristate, propylene glycol dicaprate, propylene glycol dicaprylate, propylene glycol myristyl ether acetate, propylene glycol ricinoleate, rapeseed oil, rosehip oil, rye oil, safflower oil, sage oil, salmon oil, sesame oil, silicone oil, soya oil, soybean oil, stearyl caprate, stearyl dimethicone, stearyl heptanoate, stearyl propionate, sunflower oil, sweet almond oil, synthetic isoalkane, sysymbrium oil, syzigium aromaticum oil, tangerine oil, tea tree oil, therapeutic oils, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, tridecyl ethylhexanoate, tridecyl isononanoate, triisocetyl citrate, unsaturated or polyunsaturated oils, vanilla oil, verbena oil, walnut oil, wheat germ glycerides, wheat germ oil, white petrolatum and mixtures thereof.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition comprising a petrolatum or a paraffin.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the fatty alcohol has 14 or more carbons in their carbon chain; the fatty acid has 16 or more carbons in their carbon chain; the beeswax extract includes a mixture of fatty alcohols, a majority of which has at least 20 carbon atoms in their carbon chain, a fatty acid substituted with a hydroxyl group, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, 1-triacontanol, hexadecanoic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid; octacosanoic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid and/or mixtures thereof.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the viscosity modifier and the active agent act synergistically to increase the viscosity.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition which is a foamable composition and the carrier comprises:

-   -   a) about 60% to about 95% by weight of a hydrophobic solvent;     -   b) an oleaginous foamer complex comprising:         -   (1) about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of a fatty alcohol;             and         -   (2) about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of a fatty acid and/or             a wax;     -   c) a liquefied or compressed gas propellant;         wherein the percent by weight is based on weight foamable         composition; wherein the ratio of composition other than         propellant to propellant is from about 100:1 to about 100:30;         and wherein upon dispensing the foamable carrier composition         forms a breakable foam that is stable, yet breaks easily upon         application of shear force.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a foamable composition in which the foam produced from the foamable composition has an average bubble size of less than about 300 microns of less, or less than about 200 microns, or less than about 150 microns.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the composition further comprises at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibiotic agent, a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressive agent, an immunomodulator, an immunoregulating agent, a hormonal agent, an androgen, an estrogen, a prostaglandin, an antiandrogen agent, a testosterone inhibitor, a dihydrotestosterone inhibitor, antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an antiparasitic agent, antimicrobial, a retinoid, vitamin A, a vitamin A derivative, vitamin B, a vitamin B derivative, vitamin C, a vitamin C derivative, vitamin D, a vitamin D derivative, vitamin E, a vitamin E derivative, vitamin F, a vitamin F derivative, vitamin K, a vitamin K derivative, a wound healing agent, a disinfectant, an anesthetic, an antiallergic agent, a keratolytic agent, urea, a urea derivative, an alpha hydroxyl acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, a beta-hydroxy acid, a protein, a peptide, a neuropeptide, an allergen, an immunogenic substance, a haptene, an oxidizing agent, an antioxidant, a dicarboxylic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, a retinoid, an antiproliferative agent, an anticancer agent, a photodynamic therapy agent, benzoyl chloride, calcium hypochlorite, magnesium hypochlorite, an anti-wrinkle agent, a radical scavenger, a metal, silver, a metal oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, iron oxide, silicone oxide, an organo-metallic compound, and organo-boron compound, an organo-berrilium compound, an tellurium compound, talc, carbon, an anti wrinkle agent, a skin whitening agent, a skin protective agent, a masking agent, an anti-wart agent, a refatting agent, a lubricating agent and mixtures thereof.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition further comprising a surfactant.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition further comprising about 1% to about 25% by weight of a polar solvent or a penetration enhancer.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the polar solvent is selected from polyols, glycerol (glycerin), propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol n-alkanols, terpenes, di-terpenes, tri-terpenes, terpen-ols, limonene, terpene-ol, 1-menthol, dioxolane, ethylene glycol, other glycols, sulfoxides, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformanide, methyl dodecyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, monooleate of ethoxylated glycerides (with 8 to 10 ethylene oxide units), azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one), 2-(n-nonyl)-1,3-dioxolane, esters, isopropyl myristate/palmitate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl proprionate, capric/caprylic triglycerides, octylmyristate, dodecyl-myristate, myristyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, lauric acid, lauryl lactate ketones, amides, acetamide oleates, triolein; various alkanoic acids, caprylic acid, lactam compounds, azone; alkanols, dialkylamino acetates, and admixtures thereof; or from polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEG200 (MW (molecular weight) about 190-210 kD), PEG300 (MW about 285-315 kD), PEG400 (MW about 380-420 kD), PEG600 (MW about 570-630 kD), PEG 4000, PEG 6000, PEG 10000 and mixtures thereof.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the penetration enhancer is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, oligosaccharides, dimethyl isosorbide, monooleate of ethoxylated glycerides having about 8 to 10 ethylene oxide units, polyethylene glycol 200-600, transcutol, glycofurol and a cyclodextrin.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition in which the active agent is benzoyl peroxide.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a method for controlling formulation viscosity by selecting appropriate concentrations of a wax or fatty alcohol or fatty acid or a combination thereof and an active agent where the viscosity of the formulation can be increased, or stabilized by the addition of the active agent

In one or more embodiments there is provided a method of preventing or treating or alleviating a disease or disorder, the method comprising administering any of the preceding compositions topically to a subject having or anticipated to have a disease or a disorder in need of treatment.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a method for intradermal delivery of the active agent into the skin with minimal or negligible transdermal delivery. In one or more alternative embodiments a formulation is provided to achieve intra mucosal delivery. In certain embodiments the composition provides for transdermal delivery. In one or more embodiments the composition can be used for prevention of a disease or disorder. The composition or foam is applied to a target surface or area in or on which prevention is sought. In other embodiments the composition or foam is used to treat or ameliorate a disease or disorder. In still further embodiments it may be used to provide a period of remission from the disease or disorder.

In one or more embodiments the composition is used for treating eye infections. In one or more embodiments the drug carrier is formulated for use on sensitive target areas such as sensitive or damaged skin areas, wounds, burns, mucosal membranes, body cavities and the eye. In one or more embodiments the composition is intended for use in treatment or prevention of eye infections. For sensitive use, hydrophobic solvents that are suitable for ophthalmic targets or for use in wounds or burns and are compatible with the active pharmaceutical ingredients are identified.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures are provided for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting.

FIG. 1 is a graph of the percentage of change in formulation viscosity by addition of 0.1% Minocycline HCl as a function of placebo viscosity.

FIG. 2 is photographs of vials in horizontal and vertical position containing formulation 016 without active ingredient (left vial) and with 0.1% Minocycline HCl (right vial).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The gist of the present invention is based on the striking discovery that the addition of a low concentration of an suspended active agent into a composition or formulation comprising a oleaginous carrier comprising a hydrophobic solvent together with a second rheology modulator which may be a fatty acid and/or a fatty alcohol and/or a wax dramatically modulates the rheological properties of the composition and in particular can synergistically change the level of viscosity of a composition.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition or formulation for use as a vehicle or carrier comprising, a first rheology modulator comprising an suspended active agent in an amount necessary to modify controllably different rheological properties of the composition, a second rheology modulator comprising a second rheology modulator in an amount necessary to modify controllably the different rheological properties of the composition and a carrier.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition or formulation for use as a vehicle or carrier comprising a first rheology modulator comprising an suspended active agent in an amount necessary to modify controllably the different rheological properties of the composition, a second rheology modulator in an amount necessary to modify controllably the different rheological properties of the composition and an oleaginous carrier wherein adding a first modulator to an oleaginous carrier results in no significant or substantial change to the rheology as reflected in the viscosity of the composition; however further adding a second modulator to the composition unexpectedly results in a synergistic effect on the rheology as reflected in the viscosity of the composition. Alternatively first adding a second modulator to an oleaginous carrier results in an expected increase in the viscosity of the composition, however then further adding a first modulator to the composition surprisingly results in an unexpected synergistic effect on the viscosity of the composition. However, such synergistic affect is observed wherein the viscosity of the carrier or composition is less than about 25,000 centipoises (cPs) at room temperature prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a carrier or vehicle in which a therapeutic rheology modulator or complex thereof is incorporated therein and in which the therapeutic agent is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable and the therapeutic properties of the agent are sustained or substantially so.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier in which a therapeutic rheology modulator or complex thereof is incorporated therein and which further includes a surfactant and in which the active pharmaceutical agent is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable and the therapeutic properties of the agent are sustained or substantially so.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier in which a therapeutic rheology modulator or complex thereof is incorporated therein which further includes one or more other therapeutic agents and in which the active pharmaceutical agent is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable and the therapeutic properties of the agent are sustained or substantially so.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier comprising a therapeutic rheology modulator or complex thereof in a waterless or non aqueous environment and in which the active pharmaceutical agent is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable and the therapeutic properties of the agent are sustained or substantially so.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier comprising a therapeutic rheology modulator or complex thereof in a substantially waterless or non aqueous environment and in which the active pharmaceutical agent is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable and the therapeutic properties of the agent are sustained or substantially so.

In an embodiment or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier comprising a therapeutic rheology modulator or complex thereof in a substantially waterless or non aqueous environment, where the therapeutic agent has low or minimal susceptibility to water and can withstand up to about 10% water and more preferably up to about 5% water and in which the active pharmaceutical agent is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable and the therapeutic properties of the agent are sustained or substantially so.

In an embodiment or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier comprising a therapeutic rheology modulator or complex thereof, where addition of low concentrations of the active agent has a strong and sometimes synergistic impact on the rheology of the composition and in which the active pharmaceutical agent is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable and the therapeutic properties of the agent are sustained or substantially so.

In an embodiment or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier comprising a therapeutic rheology modulator or complex thereof, where addition of low concentrations of said therapeutic agent has a synergistic and dramatic impact on rheological properties of the composition for example the viscosity of the composition and in which the active pharmaceutical agent is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable and the therapeutic properties of the agent are sustained or substantially so.

In an embodiment or more embodiments the therapeutic rheology modulator or the therapeutic agent has a low concentration of less than about 1%; or less than about 0.5%; or less than about 0.1%; or less than about 0.01%. In one or more other embodiments the therapeutic rheology modulator or the therapeutic agent has a medium concentration of less than about 10%; or less than about 5%; or less than about 3%; or less than about 2%. In one or more other embodiments the therapeutic rheology modulator or the therapeutic agent has a high concentration of less than about 30%; or less than about 25%; or less than about 20%; or less than about 15%. In one or more embodiments the concentration range of therapeutic rheology modulator or the therapeutic agent is between about 0.001% and about 0.1%; or is between about 0.01% and about 1%; or is between about 1% and about 10%; or is between about 10% and about 30%; or is between any two ranges, such as, between about 0.01% and about 30%.

In an embodiment or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier wherein the active agent is selected from a list comprising an antibiotic agent, a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressive agent, an immunomodulator, an immunoregulating agent, a hormonal agent, an androgen, an estrogen, a prostaglandin, an antiandrogen agent, a testosterone inhibitor, a dihydrotestosterone inhibitor, antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an antiparasitic agent, an antimicrobial agent a retinoid, vitamin A, a vitamin A derivative, vitamin B, a vitamin B derivative, vitamin C, a vitamin C derivative, vitamin D, a vitamin D derivative, vitamin E, a vitamin E derivative, vitamin F, a vitamin F derivative, vitamin K, a vitamin K derivative, a wound healing agent, a disinfectant, an anesthetic, an antiallergic agent, a keratolytic agent, urea, a urea derivative, an alpha hydroxyl acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, a beta-hydroxy acid, a protein, a peptide, a neuropeptide, an allergen, an immunogenic substance, a haptene, an oxidizing agent, an antioxidant, a dicarboxylic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, a retinoid, an antiproliferative agent, an anticancer agent, a photodynamic therapy agent, benzoyl chloride, calcium hypochlorite, magnesium hypochlorite, an anti-wrinkle agent, a radical scavenger, a metal, silver, a metal oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, iron oxide, silicone oxide, an organo-metallic compound, and organo-boron compound, an organo-beryllium compound, a tellurium compound, talc, carbon, an anti wrinkle agent, a skin whitening agent, a skin protective agent, a masking agent, an anti-wart agent, a refatting agent, a lubricating agent and mixtures thereof.

In an embodiment or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier wherein active agent is a tetracycline.

In an embodiment or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier wherein the tetracycline is minocycline or doxycycline.

In an embodiment or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier wherein active agent is selected from a list comprising a cholesterol, mometasone furoate, doxycycline hyclate, salicylic acid, vitamin E, diclofenac, urea, terbinafine, permethrin, metronidazole, pimecrolimus benzoyl peroxide or salt thereof.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier wherein second rheology modulator is a fatty alcohol and/or a fatty acid and/or a wax.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a solid or semi-solid composition or gel. In one or more embodiments the composition or gel is a liquid. Examples of a liquid gel include where a propellant is added to the formulation (which prior to adding the propellant is a gel) or where the gel is loose or such that when subjected to gravity will pour or become liquid. In one or more embodiments the composition is thixotropic. In one or more embodiments when poured it displays flow but over time it reverts to being more viscous or gel like. In one or more embodiments when shear force is applied it displays flow but over time reverts to being more viscous or gel like. In one or more embodiments a solid gel becomes flowable and later with time becomes solid or semi solid. In one or more embodiments a semi-solid gel becomes flowable and later with time becomes solid or semi solid. In one or more embodiments a liquid gel is flowable and later with time becomes solid or semi solid.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition as a vehicle or carrier wherein second rheology modulator is a solid or semi-solid or a liquid.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a foamable composition for use as a vehicle or carrier in which therapeutic rheology modulator is stable or stabilized within foamable composition.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a method of preventing or treating or alleviating a disease or disorder, the method comprising administering the composition topically to a subject having or anticipated to having a disease or a disorder in need of treatment. In one or more embodiments the method of achieves a period of remission of the disease or disorder.

According to one or more embodiments, it is possible to make excellent lotions, creams, ointments, gels and foams from waterless or substantially waterless compositions. Such compositions containing first and second rheology modulators as described herein are also ideal carriers for active pharmaceutical agents that are soluble in polar solvents and which may be potentially unstable in an aqueous environment, for example, following a change in pH, or the introduction a metal catalyst or in the presence of an ionization or oxidation agent.

It has surprisingly been discovered that combinations of different types and concentrations of active agents with different second rheology modulators may result in modulations to the rheology of formulations in which the active pharmaceutical or cosmetic agent is chemically stable and furthermore, the formulation is physically stable as demonstrated herein in the Examples.

In one or more embodiments, the change in the formulation viscosity is related to the concentration of the active agent.

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity of the formulation is proportional to the concentration of the active agent: for example, the higher the concentration of the active agent, the higher the formulation viscosity. In one or more embodiments the relationship is exponential.

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity increasing effect of the active agent reaches a plateau when the concentration of the active agent is increased. In certain other embodiments the viscosity decreasing effect of the active agent likewise reaches a plateau when the concentration of the active agent is increased.

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity of the formulation containing the active agent is more than about twice the viscosity of the sample formulation is without the active agent, wherein the active agent is present at a concentration of less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.05%, or less than about 0.01%.

In one or more embodiments skin penetration of the active agent is improved. In one or more embodiments the penetration is primarily intradermal. In one or more embodiments there is little or no transdermal penetration. In one or more embodiments the active agent is concentrated in the statum corneum. In one or more embodiments the active agent is concentrated in the live skin layer. In one or more embodiments the active agent is distributed throughout the skin.

Active agents had practically no effect on the viscosity of a composition which did not comprise second rheology modulators. As shown in formulations of Example 2, mixtures of mineral oils or soybean oil or petrolatum and C12-C15 alkyl benzoate had a low viscosity. After the addition of a tetracycline such as Minocyclineminocycline HCl, the viscosity of the formulation remained practically unchanged and active agents sediment.

Similarly, as shown in formulations of Example 3, it appears that in formulations based on high amounts of semi-solid hydrophobic solvents, such as petrolatum or coconut oil, alone or in combination with fatty alcohols and/or fatty acids, the viscosity of the formulation remained unchanged after the addition of 0.1% Minocyclineminocycline HCl.

It was therefore surprisingly observed that addition of low concentrations of an active agent had a synergistic and dramatic impact on the oleaginous composition viscosity as for example shown in Example 4a. The addition of Minocyclineminocycline HCl to mineral oil-based formulations led to a very substantial increase in viscosity, despite the very low amount of Minocycline HCL used, namely 0.1%. These totally unexpected results show that the combination of a tetracycline, even at very low concentrations, with fatty alcohols, or fatty acids and/or waxes (e.g. hydrogenated castor oil, with or without beeswax) had a strong synergistic effect on oleaginous formulation viscosity. This effect was observed in compositions containing certain fatty alcohols such as myristyl alcohol or cetyl alcohol or stearyl alcohol.

It was found that adding a first modulator to an oleaginous carrier resulted in no significant or substantial change to the rheology as reflected in the viscosity of the composition; however further adding a second modulator to the composition unexpectedly resulted in a synergistic effect on the rheology as reflected in the viscosity of the composition. Alternatively first adding a second modulator to an oleaginous carrier resulted in an expected increase in the viscosity of the composition, however then further adding a first modulator to the composition surprisingly resulted in an unexpected synergistic effect on the viscosity of the composition. However such synergistic affect is observed wherein the viscosity of the carrier or composition is less than about 25,000 centipoises (cPs), less than about 12,000 cPs, less than about cPs 8,000 cPs, or less than about 2,000 cPs at room temperature prior to the addition of the first rheology modulator.

Very surprisingly, as described in Example 4c it was discovered that the addition of minocycline HCl to mineral oil-based formulations, containing as low as 5% of a fatty alcohol, or a fatty acid or a wax or a combination of a fatty alcohol and a wax, led to a very substantial increase in viscosity, where the increase in viscosity is dependent on the concentration of the active agent. It was noticed that formulations having a higher concentration of active agent had a higher viscosity. So there is a relationship between the amount of the active agent and resultant viscosity over a specific range of concentration typical for each active ingredient.

It was further observed that the combination of a tetracycline with a mixture of mineral oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids and waxes had a strong synergistic effect and increased the formulation viscosity as shown in Example 4c. The viscosity of a formulation containing 0.50% minocycline HCl was about three times higher than the viscosity of the placebo formulation. It was also evident that the effect on the formulation viscosity was directly related to the concentration of the tetracycline: the higher the tetracycline concentration, the higher the viscosity of the formulation.

It was further discovered that in formulations based on petrolatum and various amounts of mineral oil, the influence of the combination of a tetracycline with fatty alcohols on formulation having initial high viscosity was minor. As shown in Example 5 when the viscosity of the placebo formulation is high, and the concentration of minocyline is low (e.g. 0.1%) no significant increase in viscosity was noticed. Formulations which contained low amounts of mineral oil exhibited a minor increase in viscosity upon the addition of 0.1% minocycline HCl (which with higher amounts of minocycline could have been more substantial). However, very surprisingly, it was observed that the addition of a very low amount of minocycline HCl greatly increased formulation viscosity, when the viscosity of the placebo formulation was low, which contained high amounts of mineral oil.

As shown in FIG. 1, the percentage of change in viscosity by the addition of minocycline HCl appears to be exponentially related to the viscosity of the formulation placebo. As shown in FIG. 2, the addition of minocycline HCl to the oleaginous formulation based on mineral oil changes the physical state of the formulation from a liquid to a semi-solid.

In one or more embodiments, the lower the viscosity of the placebo formulation, the greater the increase in formulation viscosity after addition of the active agent.

It was unexpectedly discovered that the combination of a tetracycline with a mixture of vegetable oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids and waxes had a strong synergistic effect and increased the formulation viscosity. The viscosity of a formulation containing about 1% minocycline HCl was about twice as high as the viscosity of the placebo formulation. Moreover, the effect on the formulation viscosity was directly related to the concentration of the tetracycline: the higher the tetracycline concentration, the higher the viscosity of the formulation.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided an oleaginous formulation containing vegetable oils and a tetracycline in synergistic combination with a fatty alcohol, a fatty acid and a wax, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is increased by the addition of the active ingredient by more than about 20%, or by more than about 50%, or by more than about 100%, or by more than about 200%, or by more than about 300%, or by more than about 500%.

Tetracycline antibiotics are known to be very unstable active agents that are degraded by a wide range of commonly used pharmaceutical excipients. For example, it has been found that minocycline is degraded in a few days by different hydrophilic solvents (such as water, glycerin, sodium PCA, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols), by water dispersed polymers (such as xanthan gum, poloxamers, carbomers, methocel, sodium carboxymethylcellulose) and by surfactants (such as polysorbates, sorbitan esters, polyoxyalkyl esters and lanolin-based surfactants). Thus, the achievement of a long term stable formulation of tetracycline antibiotics provided a major challenge.

Surprisingly, and despite the known instability of tetracycline antibiotics, the accelerated stability results of the formulation at 6 months at 40° C. showed minimal degradation of the active agent in the formulations. The formulations showed an extended accelerated stability for the tetracycline antibiotic active agent and an outstanding physical stability, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is substantially increased by the addition of the active agent.

In another experiment, a sample of formulation was stored during 6 months at 40° C. and tested for active agent content uniformity and physical stability. It was found that minocycline HCl was homogeneously dispersed into formulation even after prolonged incubation at 40° C. Furthermore, it was found that the formulation remained as a homogeneous gel after 6 months of incubation at 40° C.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided a formulation wherein the active agent is homogeneously dispersed in the formulation and remains homogeneously dispersed after 3 weeks of incubation at 40° C., or at one month, or at two months, or at three months, or at four months, or at five months, or at six months incubation at 40° C.

It was further discovered that the increase in viscosity was demonstrated in different mineral oil based formulations comprising a fatty alcohol and other active ingredients. To a lesser extent, an increase in formulation viscosity was observed with cholesterol which is also a 4-ring compound and with benzoyl peroxide. It can be noted that the strongest effect was observed with tetracycline compounds, such as minocycline HCl and tetracycline HCl (which is another compound of the tetracycline class). Even at concentrations as low as 0.05%, the addition of minocycline HCl to the formulations more than doubled the viscosity. Micronized preparations appear to have a more pronounced effect.

It was also unexpectedly discovered that viscosity increased dramatically after the addition of a wide range of different active ingredients to a mineral oil based formulation containing a hydrogenated castor oil instead of fatty alcohol or fatty acid [See Example 8]. The hydrogenated castor oil had a very strong synergistic effect with different active ingredients for example 0.1% Minocyclineminocycline HCl non micronized, mometasone furoate, terbinafine, metronidazole pimecrolimus. The viscosity of a formulation containing 0.1% non-micronized minocycline HCl was more than about 5 times as high as the viscosity of the formulation containing 0.1% micronized minocycline HCl. This is in contrast to the results with fatty alcohol where higher viscosity was observed with micronized minocycline HCL.

It was unexpectedly found that the addition of minocycline HCl to mineral oil-based formulations containing different concentrations of beeswax alone led to changes in viscosity depending on the amount of beeswax, at low concentration of Minocycline HCL used. Without being bound to any theory, one possibility may be that the addition of beeswax to oils can build a some sort of netted framework. It may further be assumed that when about 5% of beeswax is included in the composition, the netted framework is relatively weak and is broken or destabilized by the addition of Minocycline HCl, which may explain the decrease in formulation viscosity. However, it may be assumed that when 10% beeswax is included in the composition the netted framework is stronger and the addition of low amounts of Minocycline HCl further strengthens said netted framework leading to an increase in formulation viscosity.

Thus according to one or more embodiments there is provided a method for controlling formulation viscosity by selecting appropriate concentrations of a wax or fatty alcohol or fatty acid or a combination thereof and an active ingredient where the viscosity of the formulation can be increased, or stabilized by the addition of the active ingredient.

It was further discovered that tetracyclines like minocycline are incompatible with many surfactants, many hydrophilic solvents, an oil, a liquid branched fatty alcohol; a metal oxide and water. A detailed list of compatible substances and incompatible substances appears in Example 10.

Rheological Properties of Semisolids

Manufacturers of pharmaceutical gels, ointments and cosmetic creams have recognized the desirability of controlling their consistency. It must spread evenly and smoothly in various climates yet adhere well to the affected area without being tacky or difficult to remove.

Rheology of Gel Compositions and Gel Properties

Rigidity and viscosity are two separate rheological parameters used to characterize the mechanical properties of gels. Gel compositions should preferably posses the following properties.

-   -   1. Uniformity: The composition should be formulated so that it         is and can remain uniform without separation or precipitation         over time. This property is of high importance when the product         is intended to be a pharmaceutical product.     -   2. Flowability: The composition, when placed in a tube or         container and expelled under shear force should be flowable.     -   3. Quality: Upon release from the tube or container, the         composition should generate a homogeneous gel. In one embodiment         the gel is thixotropic.     -   4. Stability/Breakability: The fine balance between stability         and breakability of the gel coming out of the tube or container         is very delicate: on the one hand the gel should preferably not         be very runny upon release from the tube or container and not         lose its thixotropy property as a result of exposure to skin         temperature; and on the other hand, it should be “breakable”,         i.e., it should spread easily, break down and absorb into the         skin or membrane upon application of mild shear force.     -   5. Skin Feeling: To ensure patient compliance the skin feeling         after application should be pleasant, and greasy or waxy         residues should be minimal.     -   6. Non-irritating: The above requirements should be achieved         with the awareness that formulation excipients, especially         surfactants, can be irritating, and should preferably be         eliminated from the composition or reduced as much as possible.     -   7. Delivery: The composition should also be designed to ensure         efficient delivery of a therapeutic agent into the target site         of treatment.     -   8. Compatibility: Finally, the first rheology modulating agent,         which is a pharmaceutical or cosmetic active agent should be         chemically compatible with the second viscosity modulating agent         and with the whole list of ingredients in the composition.

Foamable Composition and Foam Properties

The ability to achieve quality foam with a substantial concentration of hydrophobic solvent without a surfactant is described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,144 filed Oct. 2, 2009 and titled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams And Their Uses,” and in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/322,148 filed Apr. 8, 2010 and titled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams And Gels And Their Uses.” This is surprising, because usually, such solvents are not prone to creating a foam. The challenge is not just to achieve a quality foam but also to attain a formulation that will satisfy a plurality of two, three, four, five, six or more of the following property specifications simultaneously.

Notably, the pressurized composition is flowable and releases a foam freely, even though it might be expected that such concentrations of a fatty alcohol and fatty acid would make the hydrophobic solvent ‘gel’ or ‘semi-solid.

-   -   1. Uniformity: The composition should be formulated so that it         is uniform and can remain uniform without phase separation or         precipitation over time. This property is of high importance         when the product is intended to be a pharmaceutical product.     -   2. Flowability: The composition, when placed in an aerosol         container and pressurized should be flowable such that it can be         expelled through the canister valve. It should preferably also         be shakable inside the container. These requirements create a         formulation challenge, because low or non-viscous flowable and         shakable compositions are prone to undergo phase separation or         precipitation.     -   3. Quality: Upon release from the can, the composition should         generate a foam of good or excellent quality having low density         and small bubble size.     -   4. Stability/Breakability: The fine balance between stability         and breakability of the foam coming out of the container is very         delicate: on one hand the foam should preferable not be “quick         breaking”, i.e., it should be at least short term stable upon         release from the pressurized container and not break as a result         of exposure to skin temperature; and on the other hand, it         should be “breakable”, i.e., it should spread easily, break down         and absorb into the skin or membrane upon application of mild         shear force.     -   5. Skin Feeling: To ensure patient compliance the skin feeling         after application should be pleasant, and greasy or waxy         residues should be minimal.     -   6. Non-irritating: The above requirements should be achieved         with the awareness that formulation excipients, especially         surfactants, can be irritating, and should preferably be         eliminated from the composition or reduced as much as possible.     -   7. Delivery: Finally, the composition should also be designed to         ensure efficient delivery of a therapeutic agent into the target         site of treatment.

Based on extensive investigations and trial and error experiments, it has been found that such properties can be achieved for formulations as disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,144 filed Oct. 2, 2009 and titled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams And Their Uses,” and in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/322,148 filed Apr. 8, 2010 and titled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams And Gels And Their Uses,” and which are further advantageous because of the ability of hydrophobic solvents to dissolve or suspend certain active agents while providing an environment for the active agent which assists in preventing their degradation.

Compositions

All % values are provided on a weight (w/w) basis.

In one or more embodiments where ever a phrase is used to refer to a concentration of above X % or below X % it can also include X % or of above about X % or below about X % it can also include about X %.

In one or more embodiments the term “about” has its usual meaning in the context of pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations to allow for reasonable variations in amounts that can achieve the same effect. In one or more embodiments about can encompass a range of plus and minus 20%. In one or more embodiments about can encompass a range of plus and minus 10%.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition for cosmetic or pharmaceutical application comprising:

-   -   a) a first rheology modulator comprising a suspended active         agent     -   b) a second rheology modulator selected from the list of (i) at         least one at least one fatty alcohol, (ii) at least one fatty         acid, (iii) at least one wax; and mixtures thereof; and     -   c) a carrier,     -   wherein the suspended active agent is a pharmaceutical or         cosmetic suspended active agent;     -   wherein the rheology of the composition after addition of the         first modulator and second modulator to the carrier is better         than the rheology of the composition after the addition of the         second modulator to the carrier without the first modulator and         is better than the rheology of the composition after the         addition of the first modulator to the carrier without the         second modulator.

In certain embodiments, the viscosity of the carrier or composition without the addition of the first rheology modulator is less than about 25,000 centipoises (cPs) at room temperature.

In one or more embodiments the composition forms a gel. The gel may be a liquid gel, a semi-solid gel or a solid gel. The gel may further be an air gel, hydro gel or an oleaginous (organo) gel.

In one or more embodiments a liquefied or compressed gas propellant is added to the composition according to the different embodiments mentioned above thereby transforming the gel into a foamable composition. Upon release from an aerosol container, the foamable composition forms an expanded foam suitable for topical administration. In one or more embodiments the foamable composition is either a breakable or quickly breaking foam. In one or more embodiments the foamable composition is substantially surfactant free. In one or more other embodiments it is essentially free of any surfactants.

In one or more embodiments oily emollients are added to the composition to provide or improve a pleasant skin feeling, and/or lubricating effect with reduced friction. In one or more embodiments volatile silicones are added to reduce greasy feeling. In one or more embodiments waxes are added to improve rheology or stabilize the composition's gels or structure.

In an embodiment, the wax can be a liquid wax, a solid wax, an animal wax, a vegetable wax, a mineral wax, a natural wax or a synthetic wax. In an embodiment the wax is selected from a list comprising paraffin wax, beeswax, hydrogenated castor oil or mixtures thereof. In an embodiment the wax is a polyolefin. In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition comprising a paraffin wax. In one or more embodiments the paraffin wax can have a melting point form about 37° C. In one or more embodiments the paraffin wax comprises of alkane chains of between about C₂₀H₄₂ to C₄₀H₈₂. In one or more embodiments the chains are substantially straight chain. In some embodiments branched or unsaturated molecules can be present. Branched chains are sometimes referred to as isoparaffins. In one or more embodiments the paraffin wax can be selected from the group consisting of paraffin wax 58-62° C., paraffin wax 51-53° C., and paraffin wax 42-44° C., or mixtures thereof. In one or more other embodiments other melting point ranges can be selected such as 125° F. to 135° F.; 127° F. to 130° F.; 130° F. to 135° F.; 135° F. to 145° F.; 140° F. to 145° F.; 150° F. to 155° F.; 150° F. to 165° F.; 160° F. to 165° F.; or such as 43-46° C.; 46-53° C.; 48-50° C.; 52-54° C.; 53-55° C.; 54-57° C.; 54-58° C.; 58-60° C.; 59-61° C.; 60-62° C.; 62-66° C.; 65-68° C.; or any other similar or relative range(s) or mixtures thereof. In an embodiment the wax is fully refined. In an embodiment it is suitable for cosmetic use. In an embodiment it is suitable for pharmaceutical use. In an embodiment the paraffin wax is soft.

In one or more embodiments antioxidants can be used to prevent degradation/oxidation, for example, butylated hydroxytoluene, which is a fat soluble antioxidant.

According to one or more embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more other cosmetic active agents or a pharmaceutical active agents (severally and interchangeably termed herein “active agent”) which may or may not have a rheology modulating effect.

Surfactants play a role in foam formation and induce foam stability. In one or more embodiments the formulation is substantially free of surfactants. In one or more other embodiments it is essentially free of any surfactants. In one or more alternative embodiments a small amount of surfactant may be added preferably less than 1%. In one or more embodiments foam adjuvants (e.g. fatty alcohols and fatty acids) and additives (such as SiO2 which acts as a thickener and can provide thixotropy) are added to improve rheology or stabilize foam structure or as a protective agent.

In one or more embodiments the composition is a foamable composition and comprises propellant. Upon release from an aerosol container, the foamable composition forms an expanded breakable foam suitable for topical administration.

The composition is suitable for administration to various body areas, including, but not limited to the skin, a body surface, a body cavity, a mucosal surface, e.g., the mucosa of the nose, mouth and eye, the ear, the respiratory system, the vagina or the rectum (severally and interchangeably termed herein “target site”).

In one or more embodiments, the composition is waterless. By waterless is meant that the composition contains no or substantially no, free or unassociated or absorbed water. It will be understood by a person of the art that to the extent the waterless solvents and substances miscible with them of the present disclosure are hydrophilic, they can contain water in an associated or unfree or absorbed form and may absorb water from the atmosphere.

In one or more embodiments the carrier comprises an active pharmaceutical or cosmetic agent which degrades in the presence of water, and in such cases the presence of water in the composition is clearly not desirable. Thus, in certain preferred embodiments, the composition is waterless. In other embodiments the active agent may tolerate the presence of a small amount of water and the waterless composition is substantially non-aqueous. The term “substantially non-aqueous” is intended to indicate that the waterless composition has water content preferably below about 2%, such as, below about 1.5%, below about 1%; or below about 0.5%.

In one or more embodiments, at least a portion of the therapeutic agent is suspended or dissolved evenly throughout the entire composition. In one or more other embodiments the first rheology modulator is a soluble active agent. For example when hydrogenated caster oil in mineral oil is challenged with cholesterol the viscosity increases by about 200%. In certain embodiments two or more first rheology modulators may be used in combination. Such combinations can be of two or more solid agents, or of one or more solid agents (insoluble or partially soluble) and one or more soluble agents or two or more soluble agents.

It has been discovered that formulations containing high amount of a hydrophobic solvents (such as mineral oil) are not prone to high viscosity or foaming. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the combination of a rheology modulating active agent and/or a fatty alcohol and/or fatty acid and/or a wax has viscosity and foam boosting properties and provides gels and foams of good quality. It has been discovered that when rheology modulating active agents are added to fatty alcohols and/or fatty acids, for example, with a saturated carbon chain of between 14 to 22 carbons it can cause a rheology effect, such as, a synergistic viscosity effect resulting in composition having outstanding viscosity properties Furthermore, the formulations of the present invention can provide foams of good quality in the presence of various active ingredients with or without surfactants.

In one or more embodiments, the active agent is vitamin D or a derivative or analog thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the active agent is calcipotriol.

In one or more embodiments, the active agent is calcitriol.

In one or more embodiments, the active agent is selected from a list comprising a tetracycline, cholesterol, mometasone furoate, doxycycline hyclate, salicylic acid, vitamin E, diclofenac, urea, terbinafine, permethrin, metronidazole, pimecrolimus, benzoyl peroxide or salt thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the tetracycline is minocycline or doxycycline or tetracycline.

In one or more embodiments, the composition is essentially free of polyols.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a surfactant free composition that is also free of short chain alcohols and/or polyol free and/or polymeric free.

In one or more embodiments, composition is capable of providing intradermal delivery of the active agent into the skin with minimal or negligible transdermal delivery.

In one or more embodiments, the composition has some preservative efficacy.

In one or more embodiments, the composition is for use in eye infections.

In one or more embodiments, the composition is physically and chemically stable for at least two months.

In one or more embodiments, the composition is physically and chemically stable for at least three months.

In one or more embodiments, the composition is physically and chemically stable for at least six months.

Hydrophobic Solvent

In an embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises at least one hydrophobic organic solvent. A “hydrophobic organic solvent” (also termed “hydrophobic solvent”) as used herein refers to a material having solubility in distilled water at ambient temperature of less than about 1 gm per 100 mL, more preferably less than about 0.5 gm per 100 mL, and most preferably less than about 0.1 gm per 100 mL. It is liquid at ambient temperature. The identification of a “hydrophobic solvent”, as used herein, is not intended to characterize the solubilization capabilities of the solvent for any specific active agent or any other component of the foamable composition. Rather, such term is provided to aid in the identification of materials suitable for use as a hydrophobic solvent in the compositions described herein.

In one or more embodiments the hydrophobic solvent is present at a concentration of about 60% to about 95% or about 65% to about 90%; or about 70% to about 90% or about 75% to about 85%.

In one or more embodiments, the composition of the present invention comprises at least one hydrophobic solvent, selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a hydrocarbon oil, an ester oil, a triglyceride oil, an oil of plant origin, an oil from animal origin, an unsaturated or polyunsaturated oil, a diglyceride, a PPG alkyl ether and a silicone oil.

As exemplified herein, members of each of the above listed groups of hydrophobic solvents have been found to be compatible with hydrophobic tetracyclines, such as minocycline and doxycycline.

Non-limiting examples of hydrocarbon oils include mineral oil, liquid paraffin, an isoparaffin, a polyalphaolefin, a polyolefin, polyisobutylene, a synthetic isoalkane, isohexadecane and isododecane.

Non-limiting examples of ester oils include alkyl benzoate, alkyl octanoate, C12-C15 alkyl benzoate, C12-C15 alkyl octanoate, arachidyl behenate, arachidyl propionate, benzyl laurate, benzyl myristate, benzyl palmitate, bis (octyldodecyl stearoyl) dimer dilinoleate, butyl myristate, butyl stearate, cetearyl ethylhexanoate, cetearyl isononanoate, cetyl acetate, cetyl ethylhexanoate, cetyl lactate, cetyl myristate, cetyl octanoate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl ricinoleate, decyl oleate, diethyleneglycol diethylhexanoate, diethyleneglycol dioctanoate, diethyleneglycol diisononanoate, diethyleneglycol diisononanoate, diethylhexanoate, diethylhexyl adipate, diethylhexyl malate, diethylhexyl succinate, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl dimerate, diisopropyl sebacate, diisosteary dimer dilinoleate, diisostearyl fumerate, dioctyl malate, dioctyl sebacate, dodecyl oleate, ethylhexyl palmitate, ester derivatives of lanolic acid, ethylhexyl cocoate, ethylhexyl ethylhexanoate, ethylhexyl hydroxystarate, ethylhexyl isononanoate, ethylhexyl palmytate, ethylhexyl pelargonate, ethylhexyl stearate, hexadecyl stearate, hexyl laurate, isoamyl laurate, isocetyl isocetyl behenate, isocetyl lanolate, isocetyl palmitate, isocetyl stearate, isocetyl salicylate, isocetyl stearate, isocetyl stearoyl stearate, isocetearyl octanoate, isodecyl ethylhexanoate, isodecyl isononanoate, isodecyl oleate, isononyl isononanoate, isodecyl oleate, isohexyl decanoate, isononyl octanoate, isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl lanolate, isopropyl laurate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isostearyl behenate, isosteary citrate, isostearyl erucate, isostearyl glycolate, isostearyl isononanoate, isostearyl isostearate, isostearyl lactate, isostearyl linoleate, isostearyl linolenate, isostearyl malate, isostearyl neopentanoate, isostearyl palmitate, isosteary salicylate, isosteary tartarate, isotridecyl isononanoate, isotridecyl isononanoate, lauryl lactate, myristyl lactate, myristyl myristate, myristyl neopentanoate, myristyl propionate, octyldodecyl myristate, neopentylglycol dicaprate, octyl dodecanol, octyl stearate, octyl palmitate, octyldodecyl behenate, octyldodecyl hydroxystearate, octyldodecyl myristate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, oleyl erucate, oleyl lactate, oleyl oleate, propyl myristate, propylene glycol myristyl ether acetate, propylene glycol dicaprate, propylene glycol dicaprylate, propylene glycol dicaprylate, maleated soybean oil, stearyl caprate, stearyl heptanoate, stearyl propionate, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, glyceryl oleate, tridecyl ethylhexanoate, tridecyl isononanoate and triisocetyl citrate.

Non-limiting examples of triglycerides and oils of plant origin include alexandria laurel tree oil, avocado oil, apricot stone oil, barley oil, borage seed oil, calendula oil, canelle nut tree oil, canola oil, caprylic/capric triglyceride castor oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cotton oil, cottonseed oil, evening primrose oil, flaxseed oil, groundnut oil, hazelnut oil, glycereth triacetate, glycerol triheptanoate, glyceryl trioctanoate, glyceryl triundecanoate, hempseed oil, jojoba oil, lucerne oil, maize germ oil, marrow oil, millet oil, neopentylglycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, olive oil, palm oil, passionflower oil, pentaerythrityl tetrastearate, poppy oil, propylene glycol ricinoleate, rapeseed oil, rye oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, shea butter, soya oil, soybean oil, sweet almond oil, sunflower oil, sysymbrium oil, syzigium aromaticum oil, tea tree oil, walnut oil, wheat germ glycerides and wheat germ oil.

Non-limiting examples of PPG alkyl ethers include PPG-2 butyl ether, PPG-4 butyl ether, PPG-5 butyl ether, PPG-9 butyl ether, PPG-12 butyl ether, PPG-14 butyl ether, PPG-15 butyl ether, PPG-15 stearyl ether, PPG-16 butyl ether, PPG-17 butyl ether, PPG-18 butyl ether, PPG-20 butyl ether, PPG-22 butyl ether, PPG-24 butyl ether, PPG-26 butyl ether, PPG-30 butyl ether, PPG-33 butyl ether, PPG-40 butyl ether, PPG-52 butyl ether, PPG-53 butyl ether, PPG-10 cetyl ether, PPG-28 cetyl ether, PPG-30 cetyl ether, PPG-50 cetyl ether, PPG-30 isocetyl ether, PPG-4 lauryl ether, PPG-7 lauryl ether, PPG-2 methyl ether, PPG-3 methyl ether, PPG-3 myristyl ether, PPG-4 myristyl ether, PPG-10 oleyl ether, PPG-20 oleyl ether, PPG-23 oleyl ether, PPG-30 oleyl ether, PPG-37 oleyl ether, PPG-40 butyl ether, PPG-50 oleyl ether and PPG-11 stearyl ether. Preferred PPG alkyl ethers according to the present invention include PPG-15 stearyl ether, PPG-2 butyl ether and PPG-9-13 butyl ether.

Non-limiting examples of oils from animal origin include herring oil, cod-liver oil and salmon oil.

The hydrophobic solvent may be an emollient, i.e., a hydrophobic liquid having a softening or soothing effect especially to the skin. In some embodiments the liquid oil may contain a solid or semi solid hydrophobic matter at room temperature.

Essential oil, which is usually a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants usually conveying characteristic fragrances. Non limiting examples include lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus. A therapeutic oil is a hydrophobic liquid which is said to have a therapeutic effect or to have associated with it certain healing properties. Therapeutic oils contain active biologically occurring molecules and, upon topical application, exert a therapeutic effect. Non limiting examples include manuka oil, rosehip oil, which contains retinoids and is known to reduce acne and post-acne scars, and tea tree oil, which possesses anti-microbial activity including antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties as well as any other therapeutically beneficial oil known in the art of herbal medication. Many essential oils, are considered “therapeutic oils.” Other non limiting examples of essential oils are basil, camphor, cardamom, carrot, citronella, clary sage, clove, cypress, frankincense, ginger, grapefruit, hyssop, jasmine, lavender, lemon, mandarin, marjoram, myrrh, neroli, nutmeg, petitgrain, sage, tangerine, vanilla and verbena,

Some embodiments include silicone oils. Non-limiting examples of silicone oils include a cyclomethicone, a dimethicone, a polyalkyl siloxane, a polyaryl siloxane, a polyalkylaryl siloxane, a polyether siloxane copolymer, a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-(diphenyl-siloxane) copolymer, a dimethyl polysiloxane, an epoxy-modified silicone oil, a fatty acid-modified silicone oil, a fluoro group-modified silicone oil, a methylphenylpolysiloxane, phenyl trimethicone and a polyether group-modified silicone oil. In some embodiments, the silicone oil is cyclomethicone, cyclotetrasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane, phyenyltrimethicone, Dow corning 246 Fluid (d6+d5) (cyclohexasiloxane & cyclopentasiloxane), Dow Corning 244 Fluid (cyclotetrasiloxane), Cyclomethicone 5-NF (cyclopentasiloxane), stearyl dimethicone, phenyltrimethicone, cetyl dimethicone, caprylyl methicone, PEG/PPG 18/18 dimethicone, or dimethiconol.

In one or more embodiments, the hydrophobic solvent may be selected from cyclomethicone; isopropyl myristate, PPG-15 stearyl ether; octyldodecanol; isohexadecanol, diisopropyl adipate; cetearyl octanoate; hydrogenated castor oil; MCT oil; heavy mineral oil; light mineral oil; coconut oil and soybean oil, castor oil, cocoglycerides, disopropyl adipate, beeswax, isododecane, gelled mineral oil, white petrolatum, petrolatum, paraffin 51-53, calendula oil, shea butter, grape seed oil, almond oil, jojoba oil, avocado oil, peanut oil, and hard fat and combination thereof.

Mixtures of two or more hydrophobic solvents in the same composition is contemplated. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the use of mixtures of two or more hydrophobic solvents is preferred.

Yet, in certain embodiments, the hydrophobic solvent is a mixture of one or more liquid hydrophobic solvents, as listed above, which an additional hydrophobic substance, which is not liquid (such as petrolatum), provided that the mixture of all hydrophobic substances (excluding the oleaginous foamer complexes), is liquid at ambient temperature. In an embodiment the resultant mixture upon including propellant is liquid at ambient temperature. For example petrolatum may be added to provide a degree of occlusivity so that the formulation when applied to a skin surface can operate to increase skin moisture and/or reduced transdermal water loss. In certain other embodiments fluidity of the composition can be achieved by utilizing liquidizing solvents (e.g. C12 C15 Alkyl benzoate) and/or liquefied propellants and/or optionally liquid adjuvants. Inclusion of higher amounts of propellant was found useful in order to improve flowability of the formulation from the canister or by using propellants having a higher vapor pressure.

Composition Components

The composition components comprise: a carrier, a first rheology modulator and a second rheology modifier. The carrier can comprise, for example a hydrophobic solvent. In one or more embodiments the carrier can comprise about 60% to about 95% by weight of the composition. The first rheology modulator is a therapeutic rheology modulator. In one or more embodiments it can comprise about 0.001% to about 30% by weight of the composition. The second rheology modulator comprises a fatty alcohol; a fatty acid; a wax and mixtures thereof. In one or more embodiments it can comprising about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of a fatty alcohol; and/or about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of a fatty acid; and/or a wax and a third member which is a active agent. In one or more embodiments the carrier is present at a concentration of about 60% to about 95% or about 65% to about 90%; or about 70% to about 90% or about 75% to about 85%. In certain embodiments the amount of the second rheology modulator comprises about 0.4% to about 18% by weight. In certain embodiments the amount of the second modulator comprises about 0.6% to about 12% by weight. In certain embodiments the amount of the second modulator comprises about 0.8% to about 10% by weight. In certain embodiments the amount of the second modulator comprises about 2% to about 7% by weight. In certain other embodiments, the concentration of the second modulator can be within any one of the following ranges (i) between about 0.1% and about 1%, (ii) between about 1% and about 5%, (iii) between about 5% and about 10%, or (iv) between about 10% and about 20%. In one or more embodiments, each member is at a concentration at about 5% to about 10% by weight. In one or more embodiments the amount of the first modulator is present at a concentration of less than about 1%, or less than about 0.5%, or less than about 0.1%, or less than about 0.01%

Second Rheology Modulators

The second rheology modulator (waxes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids) may be solids semi-solids or liquids. Unlike aqueous liquids, which are rather easy to solidify due to their hydrogen bond forming ability, oils are difficult to solidify.

Fatty Alcohol

In an embodiment, the second rheology modulator includes a fatty alcohol. The fatty alcohol which acts as an adjuvant is included in the gel and foamable compositions as a main constituent, to evolve the solidifying effect of the gel and/or the foaming property of the composition and/or to stabilize the foam. In one or more embodiments, the fatty alcohol is selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohols having 15 or more carbons in their carbon chain, such as cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol (or mixtures thereof). In one or more embodiments, the fatty alcohol is selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohols having 14 or more carbons in their carbon chain, such as myristyl alcohol (with 14 carbons). Other examples of fatty alcohols are arachidyl alcohol (C20), behenyl alcohol (C22), tetracosanol, hexacosanol, octacosanol, triacontanol, tetratriacontanol, 1-triacontanol (C30), as well as alcohols with longer carbon chains (up to C50). In one or more preferred embodiments, the fatty alcohol is myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol and combinations thereof. Fatty alcohols, derived from beeswax and including a mixture of alcohols, a majority of which has at least 20 carbon atoms in their carbon chain, are suitable as fatty alcohols in the context herein. In certain embodiments the amount of the fatty alcohol required to support the foam system can be approximately inversely related to the length of its carbon chains. In one or more other embodiments, the fatty alcohol is selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohols having 14 or less carbons in their carbon chain, such as myristyl alcohol or lauryl alcohol. In an embodiment the fatty alcohol is a solid at room temperature. Fatty alcohols are also useful in facilitating improved spreadability and absorption of the composition.

Fatty alcohols are amphiphatic, however unlike customary surfactants, they do not usually function as stand-alone surfactants, because of their very weak emulsifying capacity. They are occasionally used as non-ionic co-emulsifiers, i.e., and are commonly used as thickeners (Surfactants in personal care products and decorative cosmetics By Linda D. Rhein, Mitchell Schlossman, Anthony O'Lenick, P., Third Edition, 2006, p. 247). Fatty alcohols are generally regarded as safe and they are not considered as irritants.

An important property of the fatty alcohols used in context of the composition disclosed herein is related to their therapeutic properties per se. Long chain saturated and mono unsaturated fatty alcohols, e.g., stearyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol and behenyl alcohol (docosanol) have been reported to possess antiviral, anti-infective, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Longer chain fatty alcohols, e.g., tetracosanol, hexacosanol, heptacosanol, octacosanol, triacontanol, etc., are also known for their metabolism modifying properties and tissue energizing properties.

Fatty Acid

In an embodiment, the second rheology modulator further includes a fatty acid. The fatty acid which acts as an adjuvant is included in the gel and foamable compositions to evolve solidifying effect of the gel and/or the foaming property of the composition and/or to stabilize the foam. In one or more embodiments the fatty acid can have 16 or more carbons in its carbon chain, such as hexadecanoic acid (C16), heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid (C18), arachidic acid (C20), behenic acid (C22), tetracosanoic acid (C24), hexacosanoic acid (C26, heptacosanoic acid (C27), octacosanoic acid (C28), triacontanoic acid, dotriacontanoic acid, tritriacontanoic acid, tetratriacontanoic acid and pentatriacontanoic acid as well as fatty acids with longer carbon chains (up to C50), or mixtures thereof. In one or more other embodiments, the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of fatty acids having 14 or less carbons in their carbon chain, such as dodecanoic acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, and lauric acid.

In certain embodiments, the carbon atom chain of the fatty acid may have at least one double bond; alternatively, the fatty acid can be a branched fatty acid. The carbon chain of the fatty acid also can be substituted with a hydroxyl group, such as 12-hydroxy stearic acid. In an embodiment the fatty alcohol is a solid at room temperature. In one or more preferred embodiments, the fatty acid is stearic acid.

Waxes

In certain embodiments the oleaginous second rheology modulator may include a wax. The wax which acts as an adjuvant in a gel and is included in the gel or foamable compositions to evolve solidifying effect of the gel and/or the foaming property of the composition and/or to stabilize the foam. Wax refers to beeswax or another substance with similar properties. The term wax refers to a class of substances with properties similar to beeswax, in respect of (i) plastic behavior at normal ambient temperatures, a melting point above approximately 45° C., (iii) a relatively low viscosity when melted (unlike many plastics); and (iv) hydrophobic nature. Suitable exemplary waxes which can be incorporated into the formulation include animal, vegetable, mineral or silicone based waxes which may be natural or synthetic such as, for example: beeswax, chinese wax, lanolin (wool wax), shellac wax, bayberry wax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, castor wax, esparto wax, japan wax, ouricury wax, rice bran wax, soy wax, hydrogenated oil such ashydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, or hydrogenated jojoba oil, mink wax, motan wax, ouricury wax, ozokerite, PEG-6 beeswax, rezowax, spent grain wax, stearyl dimethicone, paraffin waxes, such as paraffin 58-62° C., paraffin 51-53° C. wax, paraffin 42-44° C. wax, and the like and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments the term wax can extend to hydrogenated oils. In one or more embodiments the wax is selected from a list comprising of a solid wax, an animal wax, a vegetable wax, a mineral wax, a natural wax or a synthetic wax. In certain embodiments the term wax can extend to hydrogenated oils. In an embodiment wax includes polyolefins. In one or more preferred embodiments, the wax is a beeswax or hydrogenated castor oil.

In one or more embodiments, the wax is a polyolefin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, polybutene, a polyolefin elastomer, polyisobutylene, ethylene propylene rubber, ethylene propylene diene Monomer (M-class) rubber, polyethylene terephthalate, polydicyclopentadiene, linear polyolefins, branched polyolefins, cyclic polyolefins, low density polyolefins, high density polyolefins, polyolefins with a low molecular weight, polyolefins with a high molecular weight, halogenated polyolefins and the like and mixture thereof.

Combination of a Fatty Alcohol or a Fatty Acid and/or a Wax Together with a Therapeutic Active Agent

Example 2 describes formulations where adding an active agent to oleaginous hydrophobic solvents does not affect viscosity of the formulation. When, however, the same formulation contains a fatty alcohol (or a mixture of fatty alcohols) or a fatty acid (or a mixture of fatty acids) or a wax (or a mixture of waxes), or a combination of a fatty alcohol with a wax or a fatty acid with a wax the therapeutic active agent can, surprisingly, act synergistically to produce enhanced viscosity (Example 4). These successful combinations of an active agent and a fatty alcohol or a fatty acid or a wax or alternatively an active agent and a fatty alcohol and/or a wax or a fatty acid and/or wax are referred to herein as “viscosity inducing complexes”.

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity inducing complex is a synergistic combination of an active agent and a fatty alcohol (or a mixture of fatty alcohols) or a fatty acid (or a mixture of fatty acids) or a wax or alternatively an active agent and a fatty alcohol (or a mixture of fatty alcohols) and/or a wax (or a mixture of waxes) or alternatively an active agent and a fatty acid (or a mixture of fatty acids) and/or a wax (or a mixture of waxes).

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity inducing complex is a synergistic combination of a fatty alcohol (or a mixture of fatty alcohols) and a wax (or a mixture of waxes).

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity inducing complex is a synergistic combination of a fatty acid (or a mixture of fatty acids) and a wax (or a mixture of waxes).

In one or more embodiments the range of ratio of fatty alcohol to wax or fatty acid to wax can be about 100:1 to about 1:100; or about 90:1 to about 1:45; or about 80:1 to about 1:40; or about 70:1 to about 1:35; or about 60:1 to about 1:30; or about 50:1 to about 1:25; or about 40:1 to about 1:20; or about 30:1 to about 1:15; or about 20:1 to about 1:10; or about 15:1 to about 1:5; or about 10:1 to about 1:1; or any ranges in between such as 1:20 to 20:1, or preferably from 1:10 to 10:1.

In one or more embodiments the range of ratio of therapeutic soluble active agent to second rheology modulator can be about 1:50000 to about 250:1; or about 1:25000 to about 1:150; or about 1:10000 to about 100:1; or about 1:5000 to about 50:1; or about 1:2500 to about 1:25; or about 1:1000 to about 10:1; or about 1:100 to about 1:1; or about 1:10 to about 10:1 or any ranges in between.

Propellant

Certain compositions comprising a hydrophobic solvent, together with a first rheology modulator (a suspended active agent) and a second rheology modulator without any surface active agents result, upon packaging in an aerosol container and adding a propellant, a shakable and homogenous foamable composition, which releases a breakable foam with good to excellent quality (as defined herein).

Suitable propellants include volatile hydrocarbons such as butane, propane, isobutene or mixtures thereof. In one or more embodiments a hydrocarbon mixture AP-70 is used. In one or more other embodiments a lower pressure hydrocarbon mixture AP-46 is used. Both contain butane, propane, isobutene although in different proportions. AP-70 is composed of about 50% w/w of propane, about 20% w/w of isobutane and about 30% w/w of propane. AP-46 is composed of about 16% w/w of propane, about 82% w/w of isobutane and about 2% w/w of propane Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) propellants are also suitable as propellants in the context disclosed herein. Exemplary HFC propellants include 1,1,1,2 tetrafluorethane (Dymel 134), and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3 heptafluoropropane (Dymel 227). Dimethyl ether is also useful. In one or more embodiments use of compressed gases (e.g., air, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen) is also possible.

In one or more embodiments a combination of at least two propellants, selected from HFC, hydrocarbon propellants, dimethyl ether and compressed gases is contemplated.

Yet, in additional embodiments, the propellant is a self-foaming propellant, i.e., a volatile liquid having a boiling point of less than the temperature of the target treatment site (such as the skin). An example of a post-foaming propellant is isopentane (bp=26° C.)

Any concentration of the propellant, which affords an acceptable foam is useful in accordance with the present invention. In certain embodiments the propellant makes up between about 1% and about 30% of the foamable composition, or about 3% and 25%, preferably between about 5% and about 16% of the composition. In other certain embodiments, the concentration of the propellant is about 7% to about 17%; or about 10% to about 14% by weight of the total composition. The percent by weight is based on weight foamable composition. In preparing the formulations the ingredients other than propellant are combined to 100% and the propellant is added thereafter so that the ratio of formulation other than propellant to propellant can range from 100:1 to 100:30 or from about 100:3 to about 100:25; or from about 100:4 to about 100:24; or from about 100:7 to about 100:17; or from about 100:10 to about 100:14 or preferably 100:5 to 100:16. Yet, in additional embodiments, the ratio of composition other than propellant to propellant is between about 100:20 and about 100:50.

In one or more embodiments the propellant can also be used to expel formulation using a bag in can system or a can in can system as will be appreciated by someone skilled in the art. In certain embodiments the part of the propellant system is in the formulation and part separate from the formulation. In this way it is possible to reduce the amount of surfactant in the formulation but still provide good expulsion from the canister, where the foamable formulation is expelled quickly but without jetting or noise.

In one or more embodiments a foam formulation is expelled from a standard pressurized canister where the propellant is part of formulation. Formulations can be expelled or helped to be expelled by using propellant which is separate from the formulation using a bag in can or can in can system. Although, these systems can be used with compressed air the pressure may not be sufficient to expel the formulation through the device and higher pressure propellant such as AP70 should be selected. In one or more embodiments, the formulation is packaged in bag in can systems or in can in can system. In one or more embodiments, the formulation is expelled from the canister using the pressure provided by the propellant mixed with the formulation. In one or more embodiments, the formulation is expelled from the canister using the pressure provided by the propellant stored in a compartment surrounding the formulation. According to other embodiments part of the propellant system is in the formulation and part of the propellant system is separate from the formulation, which is used to expel said formulation using a bag or can in can system. In this way it is possible to reduce the amount of propellant within the formulation and avoid unwanted gaseous effects, for example in vaginal applications, but still provide good expulsion from the canister, where the foamable formulation is expelled sufficiently quickly but without jetting or noise. So by way of example, between about 1% to 3%; or between about 2% to 4%; between about 3% to 5% propellant (ratio of formulation to propellant of 100:1 to 3; 100:2 to 4; 100:3 to 5; respectively) is part of the formulation and a further amount of propellant is separate form the formulation and helps expel the formulation. In one or more embodiments a similar amount of propellant is in the formulation and a pump or other mechanical means is used to provide the additional expulsion force.

In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition comprising a propellant having a vapor pressure between about 10 psi and about 130 psi. In one or more embodiments there is provided a composition comprising a propellant which is hydrocarbon propellant or a hydrofluorocarbon or another environmentally acceptable propellant.

In an embodiment foam quality may be improved by increasing the propellant, by say aliqots of 2% or 4%, for example, from 8% to about 12%. The actual amount of propellant increase that is suitable should be titrated from formulation to formulation.

Stability Modulating Agent

In one or more embodiments a stability modulating agent is used in a waterless or substantially waterless composition. The term stability modulating agent is used to describe an agent which can improve the stability of, or stabilize a carrier or a foamable composition and/or an active agent by modulating the effect of a substance or residue present in the carrier or composition. The substance or residue may, for example, be acidic or basic or buffer system (or combinations thereof) and potentially alter an artificial pH in a waterless or substantially non-aqueous environment, such as, by acting to modulate the ionic or polar characteristics and any pH balance of a waterless or substantially non-aqueous carrier, composition, gel, foamable carrier or foamable composition or resultant foam or it may be a chelating or sequestering or complexing agent or it may be one or more metal ions which may act as a potential catalyst in a waterless or substantially non-aqueous environment or it may be an ionization agent or it may be an oxidizing agent.

Dermatologic Excipients

In one or more embodiments the formulation may comprise excipients that are suitable for dermatologic use. In one or more embodiments, the hydrophobic carrier composition further contains an anti-infective agent, selected from the group of an antibiotic agent, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an agent that controls yeast, an antiviral agent and an antiparasitic agent. In a preferred embodiment the anti infective agent comprises a tetracycline antibiotic. As has been previously shown in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,144 filed Oct. 2, 2009 and titled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams And Their Uses,” and in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/322,148 filed Apr. 8, 2010 and titled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams And Gels And Their Uses,” which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference, combining the anti-infective effect of a hydrophobic carrier composition, with an anti-infective agent can result in a synergistic effect increasing the anti-infective effect and consequently higher success rate of the treatment is attained. According to the present application it has surprisingly been shown that combination of an active agent with second rheology modulator achieves a viscous formulation in which the active pharmaceutical ingredient is chemically stable and the formulation is physically stable as demonstrated herein in the Examples. Moreover the use of hydrophobic based water free formulation has been previously shown in said provisional application to maximize the antimicrobial potential of the formulations. Storage in sealed, light and airtight canisters can assist in preserving the formulations.

Ophthalmic Excipients

In one or more embodiments the formulation may comprise excipients that are suitable for ophthalmic use. By virtue of their suitability for ophthalmic use they may in certain embodiments be applicable on other sensitive targets such as for use internal and/or external wounds or burns or in body cavities. Excipients selected as part of a drug carrier that can be used with the active pharmaceutical ingredients are identified by compatibility studies with active ingredients to ascertain which are compatible for use with the active pharmaceutical agents, for example, by examining which do not react with and/or promote break down of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Oleaginous ointments are viscous preparations, which remain viscous when applied to the skin or other body surfaces; and they require extensive rubbing. Because of their viscosity, eye ointments cause blurred vision and consequent low tolerability, especially for long term treatment. Because of their high viscosity, drugs are trapped in the vehicle and cannot migrate through to their target site of action, for example, the skin or the eye.

Liquid, non viscous oleaginous medications are also disadvantageous, as they spill easily and thus, are very inconvenient to use. In eye treatment, liquid drops are difficult to apply and they require lying on the back at rest for accurate administration. Furthermore, because of their low viscosity, liquid oil vehicles cannot carry suspended drugs, which tend to precipitate and if the viscosity is not high enough, thereby impairing the uniformity of the therapeutic product.

In one or more embodiments the formulations are not highly viscous; and they may be flowable. In one or more embodiments the formulations are thixotropic so that on application of shear force their viscosity decreases and they become more flowable. In one or more embodiments the formulations are foams which are breakable on shear force. In one or more embodiments the foams are based on gel formulations, which are thixotropic so that on application of shear force their viscosity decreases and they become more flowable. In one or more embodiments the viscosity of the formulation prior to addition of propellant is more than about 1000 cPs and less than about 25,000 cPs.

Additional Components

In an embodiment, a composition disclosed herein includes one or more additional components. Such additional components include but are not limited to anti perspirants, anti-static agents, bulking agents, cleansers, colorants, skin conditioners, deodorants, diluents, dyes, fragrances, hair conditioners, herbal extracts, humectants, keratolytic agents, modulating agents, pearlescent aids, perfuming agents, pH modifying or stabilizing agents, skin penetration or permeation enhancers, softeners, solubilizers, sunscreens, sun blocking agents, sunless tanning agents, viscosity modifiers, flavanoids and vitamins. As is known to one skilled in the art, in some instances a specific additional component may have more than one activity, function or effect.

In certain embodiments, the additional component is an oil soluble preservative, or an oil soluble antioxidant, or an oil soluble radical scavenger, or an oil soluble complexing agent, or an oil soluble pigment or dye.

Definitions

All % values are provided on a weight (w/w) basis.

By the term “about” herein it is meant as indicated above and that a figure or range of figures can vary in an embodiments plus or minus up to 30%. So in this embodiment if a figure of “about 1” is provided then the amount can be up to 1.3 or from 0.70. In other embodiments it can reflect a variation of plus or minus 20%. In still further embodiments it can describe a variation of plus or minus 10%. In still further embodiments it can describe a variation of plus or minus 5%. As will be appreciated by one of the art there is some reasonable flexibility in formulating compositions such that where one or more ingredients are varied successful formulations may still be made even if an amount falls slightly outside the range. Therefore, to allow for this possibility amounts are qualified by about. In one or more other embodiments the figures may be read without the prefix about.

The term “thixotropic,” as used herein, means that the formulation shows a significant decrease in viscosity upon application of shear force.

The term “waterless,” as used herein, means that the composition contains no, or substantially no, free or unassociated or absorbed water. Similarly, “waterless” or “substantially waterless” carriers contain at most incidental and trace amounts of water.

By the term “single phase” herein it is meant that the liquid components of the composition or carrier are fully miscible, and the solid components if any, are either dissolved or suspended in the composition. By substantially a single phase is meant that the composition or carrier is primarily or essentially a single phase as explained above, but may also have present a small amount of material which is capable of forming or may form a separate phase amounting to less than about 5% of the composition or carrier, preferably less than about 3%, and more preferably less than about 1%. By the term “single phase” or “substantially a single phase” in the context of a foamable composition the above meaning applies even after addition of propellant to the composition or carrier.

The term “unstable active agent” as used herein, means an active agent which is oxidized and/or degraded within less than a day, and in some cases, in less than an hour upon exposure to air, light, skin or water under ambient conditions.

The term “co-surfactant” as used herein, means a molecule which on its own is not able to form and stabilize satisfactorily an oil in water emulsion but when used in combination with a surfactant the co-surfactant has properties, which can allow it to help surfactants to create an emulsion and can boost the stabilizing power or effect of the surfactant and can include, for example, a fatty alcohol, such as cetyl alcohol or a fatty acid such as stearic acid. Cetyl alcohol is a waxy hydrophobic substance that can be emulsified with water using a surfactant. Some substances may have more than one function and for example, fatty alcohols can in some formulations act as a co-solvent. In certain circumstances a co-surfactant can itself be converted in to a surfactant or soap by, for example, adding a base, such as, triethanolamine to a fatty acid like stearic acid.

The identification of a “polyol”, as used herein, is an organic substance that contains at least two hydroxy groups in its molecular structure.

In one or more embodiments, the polyol is a diol (a compound that contains two hydroxy groups in its molecular structure). Examples of diols include propylene glycol (e.g., 1,2-propylene glycol and 1,3-propylene glycol), butanediol (e.g., 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol and 1,4-butanediol), butanediol (e.g., 1,3-butanediol and 1,4-butenediol), butynediol, pentanediol (e.g., pentane-1,2-diol, pentane-1,3-diol, pentane-1,4-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, pentane-2,3-diol and pentane-2,4-diol), hexanediol (e.g., hexane-1,6-diol hexane-2,3-diol and hexane-2,56-diol), octanediol (e.g., 1,8-octanediol), neopentyl glycol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and dibutylene glycol.

In one or more embodiments, the polyol is a triol (a compound that contains three hydroxy groups in its molecular structure), such as glycerin, butane-1,2,3-triol, butane-1,2,4-triol and hexane-1,2,6-triol.

In one or more embodiments, the polyol is a saccharide. Exemplary saccharides include, but are not limited to monosaccharide, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and sugar alcohols.

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar that cannot be hydrolysed to smaller units. Empirical formula is (CH2O)n and range in size from trioses (n=3) to heptoses (n=7). Exemplary monosaccharide compounds are ribose, glucose, fructose and galactose.

Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharides joined together, such as sucrose, maltose and lactose.

In one or more embodiments, the polyol is a sugar alcohol (also known as a polyol, polyhydric alcohol, or polyalcohol) is a hydrogenated form of saccharide, whose carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. They are commonly used for replacing sucrose in foodstuffs, often in combination with high intensity artificial sweeteners to counter the low sweetness. Some exemplary sugar alcohols, which are suitable for use according to the present application are mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol. (Maltitol and lactitol are not completely hydrogenated compounds—they are a monosaccharide combined with a polyhydric alcohol.) Mixtures of polyols, including (1) at least one polyol selected from a diol and a triol; and (2) a saccharide are contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure.

According to some embodiments, the composition is polyol free i.e., free of polyols. In other embodiments, the composition is substantially free and comprises less than about 5% final concentration of polyols, preferably less than 2%, more preferably less than 1%. Where a formulation includes insignificant amounts of polyols it is considered to be essentially free of them.

In an embodiment, the polyol is linked to a hydrophobic moiety. In the context of the present disclosure, a polyol linked to a hydrophobic moiety is still defined as a “polyol” as long as it still contains two or more free hydroxyl groups.

In an embodiment, the polyol is linked to a hydrophilic moiety. In the context of the present disclosure, a polyol linked to a hydrophilic moiety is still defined “polyol” as long as it still contains two or more free hydroxyl groups.

The term “water activity” as used herein, activity represents the hydroscopic nature of a substance; or the tendency of a substance that absorbs water from its surroundings. Microorganisms require water to grow and reproduce, and such water requirements are best defined in terms of water activity of the substrate. The water activity of a solution is expressed as Aw=P/Po, where P is the water vapor pressure of the solution and Po is the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature. Every microorganism has a limiting Aw, below which it will not grow; e.g., for Streptococci, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Pseudomonas spp, the Aw value is 0.95. Staphylococcus aureus is most resistant and can proliferate with an Aw as low as 0.86, and fungi can survive at Aw of at least 0.7. In one or more embodiments, the concentration of the hydrophobic solvent, and/or second rheology modulator in the composition is selected to provide an Aw value selected from the ranges of (1) about 0.8 and about 0.9; (2) about 0.7 and about 0.8; and (3) less than about 0.7. By delivering the formulation in a pressurized package does not allow for humidity to be absorbed by the preparation, and therefore, the water free character of the composition cannot be damaged.

In an embodiment no preservative is added because the formulation is a waterless hydrophobic solvent or oil-based formulation having an Aw (Water Activity) value of less than 0.9, less, or less than about 0.8, or less than about 0.7 or less than about 0.6 and preferably less than about 0.5 which is below the level of microbial proliferation.

The identification of a “solvent,” as used herein, is not intended to characterize the solubilization capabilities of the solvent for any specific active agent or any other component of the composition. Rather, such information is provided to aid in the identification of materials suitable for use as a part in the carriers described herein.

Substantially Alcohol Free

Lower or short chain alcohols, having up to 5 carbon atoms in their carbon chain skeleton, such as ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, iso-butanol, t-butanol and pentanol are considered less desirable solvents or co-solvents due to their skin-irritating effect. Thus, according to some embodiments, the composition is substantially alcohol-free i.e., free of short chain alcohols. In other embodiments, the composition comprises less than about 5% final concentration of lower alcohols, preferably less than 2%, more preferably less than 1%. Where a formulation contains insignificant amounts of short chain alcohols it is considered to be essentially free of them.

Substantially Standard Surfactant Free

Surfactants have been categorized in to various sub classes depending on there ionic characteristics, namely non-ionic surfactants, anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, amphoteric and amphiphilic surfactants. The term surfactant has been often loosely used in the art to include substances which do not function effectively as stand alone surfactants to reduce surface tension between two substances or phases. Reduction of surface tension can be significant in foam technology in relation to the ability to create small stable bubbles. For example fatty alcohols, fatty acids and certain waxes are amphiphatic, are essentially hydrophobic with a minor hydrophilic region and for the purposes of forming an emulsion unlike standard or customary surfactants, are not effective as stand-alone surfactants in foamable emulsion compositions, because of their very weak emulsifying capacity on their own. They are occasionally used in a supporting role as co-emulsifiers, i.e., in combination with a standard surfactant but are commonly used as thickeners and have successfully been used as foam adjuvants to assist customary surfactants to boost foam quality and stability. For clarification in the context herein whilst the term “standard surfactant” or “customary surfactant” refers herein to customary non-ionic, anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, amphoteric and amphiphilic surfactants a fatty alcohol or a fatty acid and certain waxes are not regarded as a standard surfactant. However, in contrast, an ether or an ester formed from such fatty alcohols or fatty acids can be regarded as a customary surfactant. Many standard surfactants are, derivatives of fatty alcohols or fatty acids, such as an ethers or an esters formed from such fatty alcohols or fatty acids with hydrophilic moieties, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG) can be regarded as a customary surfactant. However, a native, (non derivatized) fatty alcohols or a fatty acids, or as well as waxes are not regarded as a standard surfactant.

Generally, surfactants are known to possess irritation potential. One way that is used to try and reduce potential irritation and drying of the skin or mucosa due to surfactants and their repeated use especially when formulations are to be left on the skin or mucosa rather than being washed off is to use essentially or primarily non ionic surfactants at preferably low concentrations below 5%. The current breakthrough of identifying formulations which produce quality breakable foam yet omitting customary surfactants from a composition may contribute to improved tolerability of such a composition and can be an important advantage. This is especially so when a formulation is to be applied to a very sensitive target site, and particularly so on a repeated basis.

Non-limiting examples of classes of customary non-ionic surfactants include: (i) polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (polysorbates), such as polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60 and polysorbate 80; (ii) sorbitan esters, such as sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monolaurate and sorbitan monooleate; (iii) polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, such as PEG-8 stearate, PEG-20 stearate, PEG-40 stearate, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-8 laurate, PEG-10 laurate, PEG-12 laurate, PEG-20 laurate, PEG-8 oleate, PEG-9 oleate, PEG-10 oleate, PEG-12 oleate, PEG-15 oleate and PEG-20 oleate; (iv) PEG-fatty acid diesters, such as PEG-150 distearate; (v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of fatty alcohols; (vi) glycerol esters, such as glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monolaurate, glyceryl monopalmitate and glyceryl monooleate; (vii) PEG-fatty acid mono- and di-ester mixtures; (viii) polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters; (ix) propylene glycol fatty acid esters; (x) mono- and diglycerides; (xi) sugar esters (mono-, di- and tri-esters of sucrose with fatty acids) and (xii) polyethylene glycol alkyl phenols.

In certain embodiments, the composition is free of customary surfactants, or “surfactant-free” and in certain embodiments the foamable composition is substantially free of customary surfactants, or “substantially surfactant-free”. In certain alternative embodiments, the composition comprises a surfactant.

In the context herein, the term “substantially surfactant-free composition” relates to a composition that contains a total of less than about 0.4% of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of customary non-ionic, anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, amphoteric and ampholytic surfactants. Preferably, the composition comprises less than about 0.2% by weight of a standard surfactant and more preferably less than about 0.1%. Where a formulation includes insignificant amounts of surfactants it is considered to be essentially free of them. Non-surfactant or surfactant-free compositions will comprise no or negligible levels of surface active agents.

In additional embodiments, the term “substantially surfactant-free” relates to a composition wherein the ratio between the foamer complex and the surfactant is between 10:1 or 5:1; or between 20:1 and 10:1 or between 100:1 and 20:1.

In certain embodiments, the composition is free or substantially free of an ionic surfactant. In certain embodiments, the composition is free or substantially free of a non-ionic surfactant.

Substantially Polymer Free

By the term polymeric agent it is intended to mean a compound having multiple repeated units such as cellulose polymers, acrylic polymers, block polymers and copolymers. In one or more certain embodiments the polymeric agent has a molecular weight of in excess of a 1000 Daltons. Unexpectedly, it has been discovered that quality oleaginous formulations and foams can be achieved without the presence of significant amounts of standard polymeric agents known in the art (e.g. gelling agents). Thus, in one or more embodiments, there is provided a substantially surfactant free and substantially polymeric agent free oleaginous formulation or foam. In one or more preferred embodiments the oleaginous formulations and foams are free of surface active agents and polymers. Unexpectedly, it has further been discovered that quality oleaginous formulations and foams can be achieved without the presence of significant amounts of standard surfactants, foam adjuvants and polymeric agents known in the art. Thus, in one or more embodiments, there is provided a substantially surfactant free and substantially polymeric agent free oleaginous formulation or foam. In one or more preferred embodiments the oleaginous formulations and foams are free of surface active agents and polymeric agents.

By the term polymeric agent it is intended to mean a compound having multiple repeated units such as cellulose polymers, acrylic polymers, block polymers and copolymers. In one or more embodiments the number of multiple or repeating units is at least 4. In one or more embodiments the oleagonious formulations are substantially polymer free. In one or more embodiments the oleagonious formulations are substantially polymer free of a polymeric agent selected from the group consisting of a bioadhesive agent, a gelling agent, a film forming agent and a phase change agent, being locust bean gum, sodium alginate, sodium caseinate, egg albumin, gelatin agar, carrageenin gum, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, quince seed extract, tragacanth gum, guar gum, cationic guars, hydroxypropyl guar gum, starch, amine-bearing polymers such as chitosan; acidic polymers obtainable from natural sources, such as alginic acid and hyaluronic acid; chemically modified starches and the like, carboxyvinyl polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid polymers, polymethacrylic acid polymers, polyvinyl acetate polymers, polyvinyl chloride polymers, polyvinylidene chloride polymers, semi-synthetic polymeric materials such as cellulose ethers, such as methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcarboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, and cationic celluloses, carbomer (homopolymer of acrylic acid is crosslinked with an allyl ether pentaerythritol, an allyl ether of sucrose, or an allyl ether of propylene); poloxamers (synthetic block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene); polyethylene glycol having molecular weight of 1000 or more (e.g., PEG 1,000, PEG 4,000, PEG 6,000 and PEG 10,000) and which could function as a hydro alcoholic foam booster. By substantially polymer free it is intended to mean less than about 5%, preferably less than about 2%. By essentially polymer free it is intended to mean less than about 1%, preferably less than about 0.5%. In further embodiments they are essentially polymer free and in still further embodiments they are free of polymeric agents. In alternative embodiments the oleaginous formulations may comprise a polymeric agent in such case the polymeric agents are oil soluble polymeric agents. Non limiting examples of oil-soluble polymeric agents are: Ethyl cellulose, alkylated guar gum, trimethylsiloxysilicate, alkyl-modified silicone, polyamide-modified silicone, homopolymers and copolymers of alkyl methacrylates, alkyl acrylates, and alkyl styrenes, polyisobutene, polybutyl metacrylate, polycyclohexylstyrene.

According to one or more embodiments, the composition comprises less than about 0.1% by weight of a polymeric agent and more preferably less than about 0.05%. Polymer free compositions will comprise no or negligible levels of polymeric agents.

In the art, the term polymeric agent can be used loosely to refer to any polymer. However, in some embodiments polymers that do not have a gel building role but may act in other ways are not excluded from the compositions. In one or more embodiments a polyether siloxane copolymer and a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-(diphenyl-siloxane) copolymer and the like, which can provide a good feeling to the composition are not excluded.

Physical Characteristics of the Gels and Foamable Composition and Foam

A composition manufactured according to one or more embodiments herein is very easy to use. When applied onto the afflicted body surface of mammals, i.e., humans or animals, it is in a gel or foam state, allowing free application without spillage. Upon further application of a mechanical force, e.g., by rubbing the composition onto the body surface, it freely spreads on the surface and is rapidly absorbed.

In one or more embodiments the composition is a single phase solution. In one or more embodiments the composition is substantially a single phase solution. In certain circumstances, where the active agent is insoluble and is presented as a homogenous suspension, the formulation is turbid or cloudy.

In one or more embodiments the composition has an acceptable shelf-life of at least one year, or at least two years at ambient temperature. A feature of a product for cosmetic or medical use is long term stability. Propellants, which are a mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, tend to impair the stability. The foamable compositions herein are surprisingly stable, even in the absence of customary surfactants. Following accelerated stability studies, they demonstrate desirable texture; they form fine bubble structures that do not break immediately upon contact with a surface, spread easily on the treated area and absorb quickly.

In certain embodiments the composition should also be free flowing, to allow it to flow through the aperture of the container, e.g., gel tube or an aerosol container, and provide an acceptable gel or foam. Compositions containing a substantial amount of semi-solid hydrophobic solvents, e.g., white petrolatum, as the main ingredients of the oil phase of the emulsion, will likely exhibit high viscosity and poor flowability and can be inappropriate candidates for a foamable composition. Thus in one or more embodiments semi-solid hydrophobic solvents are a subsidiary component in the composition, for example being present at less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, or less than about 5% by weight of the foamable composition. In other embodiments they can be present in higher amounts due to the solvent effect e.g of a liquid solvent or of the propellant diluting the formulation and enabling flowability or where the formulation is presented as a gel or ointment.

Foam Quality

Foam quality can be graded as follows:

Grade E (excellent): very rich and creamy in appearance, does not show any bubble structure or shows a very fine (small) bubble structure; does not rapidly become dull; upon spreading on the skin, the foam retains the creaminess property and does not appear watery.

Grade G (good): rich and creamy in appearance, very small bubble size, “dulls” more rapidly than an excellent foam, retains creaminess upon spreading on the skin, and does not become watery.

Grade FG (fairly good): a moderate amount of creaminess noticeable, bubble structure is noticeable; upon spreading on the skin the product dulls rapidly and becomes somewhat lower in apparent viscosity.

Grade F (fair): very little creaminess noticeable, larger bubble structure than a “fairly good” foam, upon spreading on the skin it becomes thin in appearance and watery.

Grade P (poor): no creaminess noticeable, large bubble structure, and when spread on the skin it becomes very thin and watery in appearance.

Grade VP (very poor): dry foam, large very dull bubbles, difficult to spread on the skin.

Topically administrable foams are typically of quality grade E or G, when released from the aerosol container. Smaller bubbles are indicative of a more stable foam, which does not collapse spontaneously immediately upon discharge from the container. The finer foam structure looks and feels smoother, thus increasing its usability and appeal.

Foam Density

Another property of the foam is specific gravity or density, as measured upon release from the aerosol can. Typically, foams have specific gravity of less than 0.50 g/mL or less than 0.12 g/mL, depending on their composition and on the propellant concentration. In one or more embodiments the foam density is about less than 0.3 g/mL.

Shakability

‘Shakability’ means that the composition contains some or sufficient flow to allow the composition to be mixed or remixed on shaking. That is, it has fluid or semi fluid properties. Shakability is described further in the section on Tests. In one or more certain limited embodiments the formulation is poorly shakable but is nevertheless flowable.

Breakability/Collapse Time

A further optional aspect of the gel or foam is breakability. The balance between stability and breakability of the gel or foam coming out of the container is very delicate: on one hand the gel or foam may not be “quick breaking”, i.e., it should be stable upon release from the pressurized container and not break as a result of exposure to skin temperature; and on the other hand, it should be “breakable”, i.e., it should spread easily, break down and absorb into the skin or membrane upon application of mild shear force. The breakable gel or foam is thermally stable, yet breaks under shear force. Shear-force breakability of the gel or foam is clearly advantageous over thermally-induced breakability. Thermally sensitive gels or foams start to collapse immediately upon exposure to skin temperature and, therefore, cannot be applied on the hand and afterwards delivered to the afflicted area.

The collapse time of a gel or foam represents its tendency to be temperature-sensitive and its ability to be at least stable in the short term so as to allow a user sufficient time to comfortably handle and apply the gel or foam to a target area without being rushed and/or concerned that it may rapidly collapse, liquefy and/or disappear. Collapse time, as an indicator of thermal sensitivity, is examined by dispensing a given quantity of gel or foam and photographing sequentially its appearance with time during incubation at 36° C. Simple collapse time can be measured by applying a gel or foam sample on a body surface like the fingers at normal body temperature of about 37° C.

Oils may cause foam to be thermolabile and “quick breaking.” However, in certain embodiments herein, despite the presence of high oil content, quite unexpectedly the foam is substantially thermally stable. By “substantially thermally stable” it is meant that the foam upon application onto a warm skin or body surface at about 35-37° C. does not collapse within about 30 seconds. Thus, in one or more embodiments the simple collapse time of the foam is more than about 30 seconds or more than about one minute or more than about two minutes. In one or more limited embodiments simple collapse time can be a little shorter than 30 seconds, but not less than about 20 seconds. In one or further or alternative embodiments the collapse time is measured by introducing a sample of foam into an incubator at 36° C. and the collapse time of the foam is more than 30 seconds or more than about one minute or more than about two minutes.

There are many applications for a gel or foam of the present invention. Below is a non-limiting list of applications which are provided to demonstrate the versatility of such a composition and method for modulating an oleogenous formulation viscosity. While many of such applications are in the healthcare and cosmetic area, adding a rheology modulator to waxes in olegeneous compositions can be extended to applications outside the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, including for example mechanics, electronics, food industry, safety, sanitation etc.

Pharmaceutical Composition

The oleaginous composition of the present invention can be used by itself as a topical treatment of a body surface, as many hydrophobic solvents such as emollients, unsaturated oils, essential oils or therapeutic oils that possess cosmetic or medical beneficial effects. Furthermore, it is an ideal vehicle for active pharmaceutical ingredients and active cosmetic ingredients. In the context active pharmaceutical ingredients and active cosmetic ingredients are collectively termed “active agent” or “active agents”. The absence of surfactants in the composition is especially advantageous, since no surfactant-related adverse reactions are expected from such a composition. Some surfactants may act to facilitate gelling of the pre-foam formulation. In one or more embodiments the active agent is soluble in the composition of a phase thereof. In one or more other embodiments it is partially soluble or insoluble. When partially soluble or insoluble the active agent is presented as a suspension or it can be encapsulated in a carrier. In one or more embodiments the active agent is a rheology modifying active agent. In one or more embodiments the active agent is a non rheology modifying active agent. In one or more embodiments a rheology modifying active agent and a non rheology modifying active agent can be used in combination.

Suitable active agents include but are not limited to an active herbal extract, an acaricides, an age spot and keratose removing agent, an allergen, an alpha hydroxyl acid, an analgesic agent, an androgen, an antiacne agent, an antiallergic agent, an antiaging agent, an antibacterial agent, an antibiotic, an antiburn agent, an anticancer agent, an antidandruff agent, an antidepressant, an antidermatitis agent, an antiedemic anent, an antifungal agent, an antihistamine, an antihelminth agent, an anti-hyperkeratosis agent, an anti-infective agent, an antiinflammatory agent, an antiirritant, an antilipemic agent, an antimicrobial agent, an antimycotic agent, an antioxidant, an antiparasitic agent, an antiproliferative agent, an antipruritic agent, an antipsoriatic agent, an antirosacea agent, an antiseborrheic agent, an antiseptic agent, an antiswelling agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-wart agent, an anti-wrinkle agent, an anti-yeast agent, an astringent, a beta-hydroxy acid, benzoyl peroxide, a cardiovascular agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a corticosteroid, an immunogenic substance, a dicarboxylic acid, a disinfectant, an estrogen, a fungicide, a hair growth regulator, a haptene, a hormone, a hydroxy acid, an immunosuppressant, an immunoregulating agent, an immunomodulator, an immunostimulant, an insecticide, an insect repellent, a keratolytic agent, a lactam, a local anesthetic agent, a lubricating agent, a masking agent, a metal, a metal oxide, a mitocide, a neuropeptide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, an oxidizing agent, a pediculicide, a peptide, a pesticide, a progesterone, a protein, a photodynamic therapy agent, a radical scavenger, a refatting agent, a retinoid, a sedative agent, a scabicide, a self tanning agent, a skin protective agent, a skin whitening agent, a steroid, a steroid hormone, a vasoactive agent, a vasoconstrictor, a vasodilator, a vitamin, a vitamin A, a vitamin A derivative, a vitamin B, a vitamin B derivative, a vitamin C, a vitamin C derivative, a vitamin D, a vitamin D derivative, a vitamin D analog, a vitamin F, a vitamin F derivative, a vitamin K, a vitamin K derivative, a wound healing agent and a wart remover. According to a further embodiment the active agent is a tetracycline antibiotic. In certain embodiments the tetracycline is minocycline. In certain embodiments the tetracycline is doxycycline. In certain embodiments the agent is selected from a group consisting of calcitriol, mometasone fuorate, calcitriol and lidocaine. As is known to one skilled in the art, in some instances a specific active agent may have more than one activity, function or effect. According to a further embodiment the active agent is chemically stable for at least two months and where the active agent is compatible with the other ingredients. According to a further embodiment the active agent is chemically stable for at least six months; or for at least nine months for at least twelve months; or for at least fifteen months; or for at least eighteen months; or for at least twenty one months; or for at least twenty four months.

Encapsulation of an Active Agent

In one or more embodiments, the active agent is encapsulated in particles, microparticles, nanoparticles, microcapsules, microspheres, nanocapsules, nanospheres, liposomes, niosomes, polymer matrix, silica-gel, graphite, nanocrystals or microsponges. Such particles can have various functions, such as (1) protection of the drug from degradation; (2) modification of the drug release rate from the composition; (3) control of skin penetration profile; and (4) mitigation of adverse effects, due to the controlled release of the active agent from the encapsulation particles.

Solubility of an Active Agent

Solubility of the steroid is an important factor in the development of a stable composition according to the present invention.

For definition purposes, in the context of the present invention, the descriptive terminology for solubility according to the US Pharmacopoeia (USP 23, 1995, p. 10), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP, 5^(th) Edition (2004), page 7) and several other textbooks used in the art of pharmaceutical sciences (see for example, Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30^(th) Edition (1993), page xiv of the Preface; and Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) Edition (1990), page 208) is adapted:

Parts of Solvent Required Descriptive Term for 1 Part of Solute Very soluble Less than 1 Freely soluble From 1 to 10 Soluble From 10 to 30 Sparingly soluble From 30 to 100 Slightly soluble From 100 to 1,000 Very slightly soluble From 1,000 to 10,000 Practically insoluble or Insoluble 10,000 and over

In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the active agent, which constitutes the first rheology modulator is not soluble or is partially soluble and all or part thereof, is suspended in the composition. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the active agent is present in the composition in a concentration which is higher than prescribed in the above table for such an active agent.

Yet, in one or more embodiments, the active agent is insoluble i.e., “requires 10,000 parts or more of a solvent to be solubilized”, in the composition.

In certain embodiments it is desirable that the active agent is maximally soluble in the composition, because solubility of the active agents is expected to increase its bioavailability.

Yet, in additional embodiments it is desirable that the active agent is insoluble in the composition, because its degradation is enhanced when it is dissolved. In such cases, the hydrophobic solvent is selected by (1) testing the solubility of said active agent in various hydrophobic solvents, followed by (2) inclusion in the composition of such solvents that do not solubilize the active agent. In one or more embodiments the active agent is presented as a suspension. In one or more further embodiments the active agent is micronized, which can assist in delivery into the skin, mucosal membrane and body cavity surfaces and also aid homogenous distribution within the formulation. In effect, part of the active agent is presented to a target in soluble form and part is presented in insoluble form. As the soluble part is absorbed it may help to form a gradient in which insoluble agent replaces absorbed agent. In one or more embodiments insoluble agent is suspended. In one or more embodiments the suspension is homogenous. In certain embodiments the formulation is readily resuspended and homogenous on shaking. In certain embodiments the agent is soluble.

Exemplary Groups of Active Agents

Active agents, which constitute the first viscosity modulators are not soluble or are partially soluble and all or part thereof is suspended in the composition. It is known that every chemical compound has different solubility in different solvents or compositions, and therefore it is not possible to provide a general list compounds that fulfill such a distinction. However, an active agent, as exemplified in the lists below, is suitable as a first viscosity modulator according to the present invention if it is not soluble or is partially soluble or is suspended in the oleaginous composition.

Antibiotics

In the context of the present disclosure, an antibiotic agent is a substance, that has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms.

In one or more embodiments, the antibiotic agent is selected from the classes consisting beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, ansa-type antibiotics, anthraquinones, antibiotic azoles, antibiotic glycopeptides, macrolides, antibiotic nucleosides, antibiotic peptides, antibiotic polyenes, antibiotic polyethers, quinolones, antibiotic steroides, sulfonamides, tetracycline, dicarboxylic acids, antibiotic metals including antibiotic metal ions, oxidizing agents, a periodate, a hypochlorite, a permanganate, substances that release free radicals and/or active oxygen, cationic antimicrobial agents, quaternary ammonium compounds, biguanides, triguanides, bisbiguanides and analogs and polymers thereof, naturally occurring antibiotic compounds, including antibiotic plant oils and antibiotic plant extracts and any one of the following antibiotic compounds including non classified antibiotic compound analogs, derivatives, salts, ions, complexes and mixtures thereof

Tetracyclines

According to some embodiments, the antibiotic agent is a tetracycline. The tetracyclines (also referred to herein as “tetracycline antibiotics”) are a group of antibacterials, originally derived from certain Streptomyces spp., having the same tetracyclic nucleus, naphthacene, and similar properties. They are usually bacteriostatic but act by interfering with protein synthesis in susceptible organisms. Tetracycline antibiotics are susceptible to degradation by oxidation.

Tetracyclines include, but are not limited to, dihydrosteffimycin, demethyltetracycline, aclacinomycin, akrobomycin, baumycin, bromotetracycline, cetocyclin, chlortetracycline, clomocycline, daunorubicin, demeclocycline, doxorubicin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, doxycycline, lymecyclin, marcellomycin, meclocycline, meclocycline sulfosalicylate, methacycline, minocycline, minocycline hydrochloride, musettamycin, oxytetracycline, rhodirubin, rolitetracycline, rubomycin, serirubicin, steffimycin, tetracycline and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, demeclocycline are all natural products that have been isolated from Streptomyces spp. The more recent tetracyclines, namely methacycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, are semisynthetic derivatives. Methacycline, like demeclocycline, has a longer half-life than tetracycline.

Tetracyclines are typically insoluble or partially soluble in many hydrophobic solvents.

Minocycline

Minocycline is active against some tetracycline-resistant bacteria, including strains of staphylococci. Both doxycycline and minocycline are more lipid-soluble than the other tetracyclines and they penetrate well into tissues. They are thus more suitable for incorporating into oily or emollient containing formulations. However, they have a place in the treatment of chlamydial infections, rickettsial infections such as typhus and the spotted fevers, mycoplasmal infections such as atypical pneumonia, pelvic inflammatory disease, Lyme disease, brucellosis, tularaemia, plague, cholera, periodontal disease, and acne. The tetracyclines have also been useful in the treatment of penicillin-allergic patients suffering from venereal diseases, actinomycosis, bronchitis, and leptospirosis. Minocycline may sometimes be used in multidrug regimens for leprosy. Doxycycline may be used for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria; it is also used in the management of anthrax.

In an embodiment the active ingredient may be any one of the following non limiting examples chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, lymecycline, meclocycline, methacycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, rolitetracycline, tetracycline. In a preferred embodiment they are doxycyline or minocycline.

Tetracycline antibiotics can be incorporated into the formulations of the present invention to treat, ameliorate or prevent a multitude of disorders responsive to tetracycline antibiotics. The formulations can be applied topically to the skin or to the genitals or to mucosal membranes and on and around the eye, sub-gingival and can be applied into a wide range of body cavities, including aural, digestive, oral, nasal, urethra, penal, endocervical, rectum, respiratory, and vaginal and tooth pocket. Non limiting examples of applications include eye infections, blepharitis, dry eye, inclusion conjunctivitis, glaucoma, inflammatory ocular conditions where bacterial infection or a risk of bacterial ocular infection exists, neuropathic atrophy (in diabetes), abrasions, injuries, wounds, burns, ulcers, pyoderma, furunculosis, granuloma inguinale, periodontitis, rosacea, post-operation infections and tissue reconstruction, trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inquinale, acne, inflammation, sinusitis, neuro-protection, washing out, disinfectation, and stabilization of body cavities, at on around or in the site of an operation, which for example can provide multiple therapeutic effects, such as, inhibition of post operation adhesions, anti infection, neuro-protection.

Whether delivered as a foam, gel, ointment or suspension the active pharmaceutical tetracycline can be present by weight in the range of about 0.01% to about 20%, about 0.2% to about 20%, or at about 0.01%, at about 0.1%, at about 0.2%, at about 0.3%, at about 0.4%, at about 0.5%, at about 0.6%, at about 0.7%, at about 0.8%, at about 0.9%, at about 1%, at about 1.5%, at about 2%, at about 2.5%, at about 3%, at about 3.5% at about 4%, at about 4.5%, at about 5%, at about 6%, at about 7%, at about 8%, at about 9%, at about 10%, at about 12%, or at about 14%, at about 16%, at about 18%, or at about 20%.

Tetracyclines and Skin Infections

Tetracyclines have been used in ophthalmic ointments for the prevention or treatment of infections of the eye caused by susceptible bacteria. Although minor skin infections and wounds usually heal without treatment, some minor skin wounds do not heal without therapy and it is impossible to determine at the time of injury which wounds will be self-healing. Therefore, some experts believe that, by reducing the number of superficial bacteria, topical anti-infectives are useful for preventing infection in minor skin injuries (e.g., cuts, scrapes, burns).

Tetracycline hydrochloride may be used topically in the prevention or treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Tetracyclines are usually bacteriostatic in action, but may be bactericidal in high concentrations or against highly susceptible organisms.

Tetracyclines appear to inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible organisms primarily by reversibly binding to 30S ribosomal subunits, thereby inhibiting binding of aminoacyl transfer-RNA to those ribosomes. In addition, tetracyclines appear to reversibly bind to 50S ribosomal subunits. There is preliminary evidence that tetracyclines also alter cytoplasmic membranes of susceptible organisms resulting in leakage of nucleotides and other intracellular components from the cell. At high concentrations, tetracyclines also inhibit mammalian protein synthesis.

The exact mechanisms by which tetracyclines reduce lesions of acne vulgaris have not been fully elucidated; however, the effect appears to be partly the result of the antibacterial activity of the drugs. Following topical application to the skin of a 0.22% solution of tetracycline hydrochloride in a vehicle containing n-decyl methyl sulfoxide (Topicycline®; no longer commercially available in the US), the drug inhibits the growth of susceptible organisms (principally Propionibacterium acnes) on the surface of the skin and reduces the concentration of free fatty acids in sebum. The reduction in free fatty acids in sebum may be an indirect result of the inhibition of lipase-producing organisms which convert triglycerides into free fatty acids or may be a direct result of interference with lipase production in these organisms. Free fatty acids are comedogenic and are believed to be a possible cause of the inflammatory lesions (e.g., papules, pustules, nodules, cysts) of acne. However, other mechanisms also appear to be involved because clinical improvement of acne vulgaris with topical tetracyclines does not necessarily correspond with a reduction in the bacterial flora of the skin or a decrease in the free fatty acid content of sebum. (Martindale Electronic Version 2007).

Tetracyclines, Solubility and Stability

Tetracyclines are known to be unstable in the presence of water, as well as numerous types of formulation excipients, such as protic solvents, various surfactants and certain oils. It was surprisingly discovered in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/248,144 filed Oct. 2, 2009 and titled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams And Their Uses,” and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/322,148 filed Apr. 8, 2010 and titled “Surfactant-Free Water-Free Foamable Compositions, Breakable Foams And Gels And Their Uses,” that the inclusion of tetracyclines in a composition comprising a hydrophobic solvent and a foamer complex described therein results in a stable product, with extended stability of the tetracycline. In an embodiment a hydrophobic solvent is selected by (1) testing the solubility of said active agent in various hydrophobic solvents, (2) identifying those that do not solubilize the active agent followed by (3) inclusion in the composition of such solvents that do not solubilize the active agent. In preferred embodiments the tetracycline is insoluble in the composition.

Doxycyline

According to some embodiments, the tetracycline is doxycycline. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic and also has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Doxycycline is a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic derived from oxytetracycline. In addition to antimicrobial activity, the drug has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. It is available as Doxycycline calcium, doxycycline hyclate and doxycycline monohydrate. Doxycycline hyclate and doxycycline monohydrate occur as yellow, crystalline powders. The hyclate is soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol; the monohydrate is very slightly soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol. Doxycycline calcium is formed in situ during the manufacturing process. Following reconstitution of doxycycline hyclate powder for IV administration with sterile water for injection, solutions have a pH of 1.8-3.3.

The mechanism(s) by which doxycycline reduces inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules) in patients has not been elucidated, but these effects may result at least in part from the anti-inflammatory actions of the drug; other mechanisms may be involved

Doxycycline is used for the treatment of rosacea treatment or prophylaxis of anthrax (including inhalational anthrax [postexposure]), treatment of presumed or confirmed rickettsial infections, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), fever, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis, and for the treatment of Bartonella infections, for the treatment of brucellosis, for the treatment of Burkholderia Infections, Chlamydial Infections, Lymphogranuloma venereum Psittacosis, Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis, Gonorrhea and Associated Infections, Epididymitis, Proctitis, Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis), Legionella Infections, Leptospirosis, Lyme Disease, Prophylaxis of Lyme Disease, Erythema Migrans, Early Neurologic Lyme Disease, Lyme Carditis, or Borrelial Lymphocytoma, Lyme Arthritis, Malaria, and prevention, Mycobacterial Infections, Mycobacterium marinum Infections, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Parenteral Regimens, Plague, pleural Effusion, Rickettsial Infections, Q Fever, Syphilis, Tularemia, Treatment, Postexposure Prophylaxis

When reconstituted and diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose, doxycycline hyclate IV solutions containing 0.1-1 mg of doxycycline per mL are stable for 48 hours at 25° C.; when reconstituted and diluted with Ringer's, 10% invert sugar, Normosol-M® in D5W, Normosol-R® in D5W, Plasma-Lyte® 56 in 5% dextrose, or Plasma-Lyte® 148 in 5% dextrose, doxycycline hyclate IV solutions containing 0.1-1 mg/mL are stable for 12 hours at room temperature. The manufacturer states that doxycycline hyclate solutions prepared with any of these infusion solutions are stable for 72 hours at 2-8° C. when protected from direct sunlight and artificial light; however, after storage in this manner, infusion of these solutions must be completed within 12 hours Doxycycline hyclate IV solutions diluted to a concentration of 0.1-1 mg/mL with lactated Ringer's injection or 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's injection must be infused within 6 hours to ensure stability. During infusion, all doxycycline hyclate IV solutions must be protected from direct sunlight. (Martindale 2007 Electronic Version). Thus it can be seen that Doxycycline is not stable for more than short periods of a matter of hours.

Preparations of doxycycline hyclate have an acid pH and incompatibility may reasonably be expected with alkaline preparations or with drugs unstable at low pH.

Doxycycline is more active than tetracycline against many bacterial species including Streptococcus pyogenes, enterococci, Nocardia spp., and various anaerobes. Cross-resistance is common although some tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus respond to doxycycline. Doxycycline is also more active against protozoa, particularly Plasmodium spp.

Doxycycline is a tetracycline derivative with uses similar to those of tetracycline. It may sometimes be preferred to other tetracyclines in the prevention or treatment of susceptible infections because of its fairly reliable absorption and its long half-life that permits less frequent (often once daily) dosing. It also has the advantage that it can be given (with care) to patients with renal impairment. However, relatively high doses may need to be given for urinary-tract infections because of its low renal excretion.

For relapsing fever and louse-borne typhus, for the prophylaxis of leptospirosis, for periodontiti, for Lymphatic filariasis, for Musculoskeletal and joint disorders and for the treatment of acne.

Minocycline

According to some embodiments, the tetracycline is minocycline. Minocycline hydrochloride is a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic derived from tetracycline. The drug is usually bacteriostatic in action; it exerts its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting protein synthesis. It is a yellow crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in chloroform and in ether; soluble in solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates. pH of a solution in water containing the equivalent of minocycline 1% is between 3.5 and 4.5. Preparations of minocycline hydrochloride have an acid pH and incompatibility may reasonably be expected with alkaline preparations or with drugs unstable at low pH.

Minocycle is highly sensitive and should be stored in airtight containers and protected from light to prevent degradation. Therefore use in foamable formulations stored in airtight sealed containers under pressure with propellant may contribute to preserving stability subject to selection of compatible canisters and accessories.

Photosensitivity, manifested as an exaggerated sunburn reaction on areas of the body exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light, has occurred with tetracyclines and Minocycline has been associated with pigmentation of the skin and other tissues.

Minocycline has a spectrum of activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline but it is more active against many species including Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Neisseria meningitidis, various enterobacteria, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Haemophilus, Nocardia, and some mycobacteria, including M. leprae. Partial cross-resistance exists between minocycline and other tetracyclines but some strains resistant to other drugs of the group remain sensitive to minocycline, perhaps because of better cell-wall penetration. Minocycline is a tetracycline derivative with uses similar to those of tetracycline. It is also a component of multidrug regimens for the treatment of leprosy and has been used in the prophylaxis of meningococcal infection to eliminate the carrier state, but the high incidence of vestibular disturbances means that it is not the drug of choice for the latter. It has neuroprotective properties. It is being investigated for motor neurone disease, for the management of Huntington's chorea. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and in the prevention or treatment of various skin disorders, including acne.

Steroids

In an embodiment, the active agent is a steroid. In certain embodiments the steroid is a corticosteroid, including but not limited to, hydrocortisone, hydroxyltriamcinolone, alpha-methyl dexamethasone, dexamethasone-phosphate, beclomethsone dipropionate, clobetasol valemate, desonide, desoxymethasone, desoxycorticosterone acetate, dexamethasone, dichlorisone, diflorasone diacetate, diflucortolone valerate, fluadrenolone, fluclorolone acetonide, fludrocortisone, flumethasone pivalate, fluosinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, flucortine butylester, fluocortolone, fluprednidene (fluprednylidene) acetate, flurandrenolone, halcinonide, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone butyrate, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone acetonide, cortisone, cortodoxone, flucetonide, fludrocortisone, difluorosone diacetate, fluradrenolone acetonide, medrysone, amcinafel, amcinafide, betamethasone and the balance of its esters, chloroprednisone, chlorprednisone acetate, clocortelone, clescinolone, dichlorisone, difluprednate, flucloronide, flunisolide, fluoromethalone, fluperolone, fluprednisolone, hydrocortisone valerate, hydrocortisone cyclopentylpropionate, hydrocortmate, mepreddisone, paramethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, beclomethasone dipropionate, triamcinolone, as well as analogs, derivatives, salts, ions and complexes thereof.

Many steroids are typically insoluble or partially soluble in various hydrophobic solvents.

In certain embodiments, the steroid is a hormone or a vitamin or an anti-infective agent, as exemplified by pregnane, cholestane, ergostane, aldosterone, androsterone, calcidiol, calciol, calcitriol, calcipotriol, clomegestone, cholesterol, corticosterone, cortisol, cortisone, dihydrotestosterone, ergosterol, estradiol, estriol, estrone, ethinylestradiol, fusidic acid, lanosterol, prednisolone, prednisone, progesterone, spironolactone, timobesone and testosterone, as well as analogs, derivatives, salts, ions and complexes thereof. For substances like calcitriol, very low amounts such as about 0.0001% to about 0.005% by weight of foam formulation or gel or ointment or suspension, or about 0.0001%, about 0.0002%, about 0.0003%, about 0.0004%, about 0.0005%, about 0.0006%, about 0.0007%, about 0.0008%, about 0.0009%, about 0.001%, about 0.0011%, about 0.0012%, about 0.0013%, about 0.0014%, about 0.0015%, about 0.0016%, about 0.0017%, about 0.0018%, about 0.0019%, about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about 0.004%, about 0.005% by weight are effective. In some embodiments the active pharmaceutical agent is delivered by more than one route, for example, topically and body cavity.

In an embodiment, the steroid is mometasone furoate. In certain embodiments it can be used topically to treat psoriasis and dermatitis. In certain other embodiments it can be applied in nasal administration to treat disorders, such as, allergic rhinitis and asthma.

NSAID

In an embodiment, the active agent is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. In the context a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent (also termed herein “NSAID”) is a pharmaceutically active compound, other than a corticosteroid, which affects the immune system in a fashion that results in a reduction, inhibition, prevention, amelioration or prevention of an inflammatory process and/or the symptoms of inflammation and/or the production pro-inflammatory cytokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby treating or preventing a disease that involves inflammation.

In one or more embodiments, the NSAID is an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Two forms of cyclooxygenase are known today: the constitutive cyclooxygenase (COX-1); and the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2), which is pro-inflammatory. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the NSAID is selected from the group consisting of a COX-1 inhibitor, a COX-2 inhibitor or a non-selective NSAID, which simultaneously inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2.

In one or more embodiments, the NSAID is salicylic acid a salicylic acid derivatives. Exemplary salicylic acid derivative include, in a non limiting fashion, aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline magnesium trislicylate, salsalate, diflunisal, salicylsalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, olsalazine, esters of salicylic acid with a carboxylic acid, esters of salicylic acid with a dicarboxylic acid, esters of salicylic acid with a fatty acid, esters of salicylic acid with a hydroxyl fatty acid, esters of salicylic acid with an essential fatty acid, esters of salicylic acid with a polycarboxylic acid, and any compound wherein salicylic acid is linked to an organic moiety through a covalent bond.

In one or more embodiments, the NSAID is para-aminophenol (e.g., acetaminophen) and salts and derivatives thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the NSAID is an indole or an indole—acetic acid derivative (e.g., indomethacin, sulindac, etodolac) and salts and derivatives thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the NSAID is an aryl acetic acids (e.g., tolmetin, diclofenac, ketorolac) and salts and derivatives thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the NSAID is an arylpropionic acid and salts and derivatives thereof. Exemplary arylpropionic acid derivative include, in a non limiting fashion, are ibuprofen, naproxen, flubiprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, oxaprozin.

In one or more embodiments, the NSAID is anthranilic acids or an anthranilic acid derivative, also termed “fenamates” (e.g., mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid) and salts and derivatives thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the NSAID is selected from the group of enolic acids, enolic acid salts, enolic acid esters, amides, anhydrides and salts and derivatives thereof. Non-limiting examples of enolic acid derivatives include oxicams (piroxicam, tenoxicam) and pyrazolidinediones (phenylbutazone, oxyphenthratrazone)

Yet, in additional embodiments, the NSAID is an alkanone (e.g., nabumetone).

Selective COX-2 Inhibitors include, in an exemplary manner diaryl-substituted furanones (e.g., Rofecoxib); diaryl-substituted pyrazoles (e.g., Celecoxib); indole acetic acids (e.g., Etodolac); and sulfonanilides (e.g., Nimesulide) and salts and derivatives thereof.

Many NSAIDs are typically insoluble or partially soluble in hydrophobic solvents.

Local Anesthetic Agents

In an embodiment, the active agent is a local anesthetic agent. Without limiting the scope, the anesthetic agent can be selected from the group consisting of benzocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, chlorprocaine, dibucaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, tetracaine, dyclonine, hexylcaine, procaine, cocaine, ketamine, pramoxine, phenol, any pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and mixtures of such anesthetic agents. Any mixture of synergistically beneficial anesthetic agents is contemplated.

Keratolytically Active Agents

A keratolytic agent may be included as an active agent of the composition. The term “keratolytically active agent” as used herein includes a compound that loosens and removes the stratum corneum of the skin, or alters the structure of the keratin layers of skin. Keratolytically active agents are used in the prevention or treatment of dermatological disorders that involve dry skin, hyperkeratinization (such as psoriasis), skin itching (such as xerosis), acne and rosacea.

Suitable keratolytically active agents include phenol and substituted phenolic compounds. Such compounds are known to dissolve and loosen the intracellular matrix of the hyperkeratinized tissue. As such, they are used in the prevention or treatment of dermatological disorders. Dihydroxybenzene and derivatives thereof have been recognized as potent keratolytic agents. Resorcinol (m-dihydroxybenzene) and derivatives thereof are used in anti-acne preparations. In addition to hydroquinone (p-dihydroxybenzene) having anti-pigmentation properties, hydroquinone is also known to be keratolytic. These compounds also exhibit antiseptic properties. Cresols also possess bactericidal and keratolytic properties.

Vitamin A and vitamin A derivatives, also termed herein “retinoids”, such as retinoic acid, isoretinoic acid, retinol and retinal, as well as adapalene, tazarotene, isotretinoin, acitretin and additional retinoids known in the art of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics are another class of keratolytically active agents.

Another group of keratolytically active agents include alpha-hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid and glycolic acid and their respective salts and derivatives; and beta-hydroxy acids, such as salicylic acid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid) and salicylic acid salts and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives.

Another class of keratolytically active agents includes urea and urea derivatives.

Immunomodulators

In an embodiment, the active agent is an immunomodulator. Immunomodulators are chemically or biologically-derived agents that modify the immune response or the functioning of the immune system. Immunomodulators suitable for use according to the present invention include, among other options, cyclic peptides, such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, tresperimus, pimecrolimus, sirolimus, verolimus, laflunimus, laquinimod and imiquimod, as well as analogs, derivatives, salts, ions and complexes thereof. Such compounds, delivered in the foam, are especially advantageous in skin disorders such as psoriasis, eczema and atopic dermatitis, where the large skin areas are to be treated.

Retinoids

In an embodiment, the active agent is a retinoid. Retinoids suitable for use according to the present invention include, among other options, retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, isotretinoin, tazarotene, adapalene, 13-cis-retinoic acid, acitretin all-trans beta carotene, alpha carotene, lycopene, 9-cis-beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, as well as any additional retinoids known in the art of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics; and analogs, derivatives, salts, ions and complexes thereof.

Anti-Acne and Anti-Rosacea Active Agents

In an embodiment, the active agent is an anti-acne or an anti-rosacea agent. The anti-acne agent can be selected from the group consisting of resorcinol, sulfur, salicylic acid and salicylates, alpha-hydroxy acids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, benzoyl peroxide, retinoic acid, isoretinoic acid and other retinoid compounds, adapalene, tazarotene, azelaic acid and azelaic acid derivatives, antibiotic agents, such as erythromycin and clyndamycin, coal tar, zinc salts and complexes, and combinations thereof, in a therapeutically effective concentration.

Antipsoriasis Agents

In an embodiment, the active agent is an anti-psoriasis agent. Such anti-psoriasis agents can be selected, among other options, from the group of keratolytically-active agents, salicylic acid, coal tar, anthralin, corticosteroids, vitamin D and derivatives and analogs thereof, including vitamin D3 analogs such as calcitriol, calcipotriol; retinoids, and photodynamic therapy agents.

Antiinfective Agents

In an embodiment, the active agent is an anti-infective agent. Such anti-infective agent can be selected from the group of an antibiotic agent, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an agent that controls yeast, an antiviral agent and an antiparasitic agent. Exemplary antiinfective agents are exemplified by beta-lactam antibiotic, an aminoglycoside, an ansa-type antibiotic, an anthraquinone, an azole, metronidazole, an antibiotic glycopeptide, a macrolide, erythromycin, clindamycin, an antibiotic nucleoside, an antibiotic peptide, polymyxin B, an antibiotic polyene, an antibiotic polyether, an antibiotic quinolone, an antibiotic steroid, fucidic acid, mupirocin, chloramphenicol, a sulfonamide, tetracycline, an antibiotic metal, silver, copper, zinc, mercury, tin, lead, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, an oxidizing agent, iodine, iodate, a periodate, a hypochlorite, a permanganate, a substance that release free radicals and/or active oxygen, a cationic antimicrobial agent, a quaternary ammonium compound, a biguanide, chlorohexidine, a triguanide, a bisbiguanide, a polymeric biguanide and a naturally occurring antibiotic compound, as well as analogs, derivatives, salts, ions and complexes thereof.

The Composition Essential Ingredients as Active Agents

In certain embodiments, a hydrophobic solvent possesses therapeutic properties on its own and therefore, it can be regarded as “active agent.” For example, some essential oils kill microorganisms and can be effective in the treatment or prevention of conditions that involve microbial infection, such as bacterial, fungal and viral conditions. Additionally, the occlusive effect of hydrophobic solvents is useful for the treatment of conditions which involve damaged skin, such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. The combination of a hydrophobic solvent and a therapeutically effective fatty alcohol or fatty acid may afford a synergistic beneficial effect in conditions characterized, for example, by infection and/or inflammation.

Combination of Active Agents

Several disorders involve a combination of more than one etiological factor; and therefore, the use of more that one active agents is advantageous. For example, psoriasis involves excessive cell proliferation and inadequate cell differentiation as well as inflammation. Atopic dermatitis involves keratinocyte growth abnormality, skin dryness and inflammation. Bacterial, fungal and viral infections involve pathogen colonization at the affected site and inflammation. Hence, in many cases, the inclusion of a combination of active agents in the pharmaceutical composition can be desirable. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the composition further includes at least two active agents, in a therapeutically effective concentration.

In an embodiment one of the active agents is a vitamin, a vitamin derivative or analogue thereof. In a preferred embodiment the vitamin, vitamin derivative or analogue thereof is oil soluble.

Microsponges

Microsponges (or microspheres) are rigid, porous and sponge-like round microscopic particles of cross-linked polymer beads (e.g., polystyrene or copolymers thereof), each defining a substantially non-collapsible pore network. Microsponges can be loaded with an active ingredient and can provide a controlled time release of the active ingredient to skin or to a mucosal membrane upon application of the formulation. The slow release is intended to reduce irritation by the active. Microsponge® delivery technology was developed by Advanced Polymer Systems. In one or more embodiments the composition comprises one or more active agents loaded into Microsponges with a waterless carrier described herein, which may also comprise a modulating agent.

Fields of Applications

The carrier of the present disclosure is suitable for treating any inflicted surface or preventing onset of an anticipated disorder or disease or for achieving a period of remission. In one or more embodiments, carrier is suitable for administration to the skin, a body surface, a body cavity or mucosal surface, e.g., the cavity and/or the mucosa of the nose, mouth, eye, respiratory system, vagina, urethra, rectum and the ear canal (severally and interchangeably termed herein “target site”).

The foamable carrier of the present disclosure is also suitable for preventing a disorder or disease prior to its onset. The foamable composition comprising for example a tetracycline may be applied to a body surface or a body cavity to try and prevent apoptosis, a disorder or disease prior to onset thereof. For example, prior to an anticipated inflammatory reaction or risk thereof, or prior to an anticipated onset of apoptosis or a risk thereof, or prior to an anticipated onset of inflammatory cytokines or risk thereof, prior to a medical procedure requiring intervention such as chemo therapy; radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, etc. In an embodiment the composition is applied to prevent or reduce the risk of spreading.

According to an embodiment a none limiting of list of disorders where a tetracycline antibiotic might be used to prevent a disease or disorder includes prophylaxis of gonococcal and chlamydial ophthalmia, neonatal conjunctivitis, periodontal disease, postoperative tetracycline, prophylaxis in pregnancy termination, for prevention of skin rash/acneiform skin eruption during cancer therapy, intraoperative topical tetracycline sclerotherapy following mastectomy for prevention of postoperative mastectomy seromas etc.

By selecting a suitable active agent, or a combination of at least two active agents, the composition of the present disclosure is useful in alleviating or treating an animal or a human patient having or anticipated to have any one of a variety of dermatological diseases or disorders, or where such agent or agents have shown proficiency in preventative therapy in preventing such diseases or disorders, including, but not limited to a bacterial infection, a benign tumor, a bullous disease, a burn, a Chlamydia infection, a condition which respond to hormone therapy, a cut, a dermatitis, a dermatophyte infection, a dermatose, a disorder of a body cavity, a disorder of cornification, a disorder of the nose, a disorder of the penile urethra or ear canal, a disorder of the rectum, a disorder of the respiratory system, a disorder of the vagina, a disorder which responds to hormone replacement therapy, a disorder which responds to transdermal nicotine administration, a disorders of hair follicles, a disorders of sebaceous glands, a disorders of sweating, a fungal infection, a gonorrhea infection, a gynecological disorders that respond to hormonal therapy, a malignant tumor, a non-dermatological disorder which responds to topical or transdermal delivery of an active agent, a parasitic infection, a pelvic inflammation, a pigmentation disorder, a scaling papular diseases, a sexual dysfunction disorder, a sexually transmitted disease, a vaginal disorder, a viral infection, a vulvar disorder, a vulvovaginal infection, a wound, a yeast infection, abscess, acne, acne conglobata, acne fulminans, acne scars, acne vulgaris, actinic keratosis, acute and chronic salpingitis, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, acute lymphangitis, acute pelvic inflammatory disease, acute soft tissue injury, albinism, allergic contact dermatitis, alopecia, alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, alopecia universalis, an allergy, an anal abscess or fistula, an anal and rectal disease, an anal disorder, an anal fissure, an anal wart, an ear disorder, an hormonal disorder, an inflammatory reaction, an intra-vaginal or rectal sexually-transmitted and non-sexually-transmitted infectious disease, anal cancer, anal excoriation, anal fissures, anal itch, anal pruritus, anal soreness, anal warts, angiomas, arthritis, athlete's foot, atopic dermatitis, back pain, bacterial skin infections, bacterial vaginosis, baldness, basal cell carcinoma, benign tumors, blisters, bromhidrosis, bullous diseases, bullous pemphigoid, burn, calluses, calluses candidiasis, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the vagina, cancer of the vulva, candidal vaginitis, candidiasis, carbuncles, cellulitis, cervical cancer, cervicitis, chancroid, chemical burns, chicken pox, chloasma, cholesteatoma, cholinergic urticaria, chronic dermatitis, chronic effects of sunlight, cold sores, cold urticaria, comedones, constipation, contact dermatitis, corns, creeping eruption, Crohn's disease, cutaneous abscess, cutaneous larva migrans, cutaneous myiasis, dark spots, delusional parasitosis, Dercum disease, dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, dermatofibroma, dermatological inflammation, dermatological pain, dermatophytoses, dermographism, diaper rash, drug eruptions and reactions, drug-induced hyperpigmentation, dyshidrotic eczema, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dysplastic nevi, ecthyma, ectodermal dysplasia, ectopic pregnancy, eczema, endometriosis, endometritis, epidermal necrolysis, epidermoid cyst, erysipelas, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, erythrasma, exfoliative dermatitis, fallopian tube cancer and gestational trophoblastic disease, fecal incontinence, female orgasmic disorder, folliculitis, fungal nail infections, fungal skin infections, furuncles, gangrene, generalized exfoliative dermatitis, genital cancer, genital herpes, genital ulcer, genital warts, granuloma annulare, granuloma inguinale, gynecological neoplasms including endometrial cancer, head lice, hemorrhoids, hepatitis B, herpes, herpes simplex, hidradenitis suppurativa, hirsutism, HIV/AIDS, hives, human papillomavirus (HPV), hyperhidrosis, hyperpigmentation melasma, hypertrichosis, hypohidrosis, hypopigmentation, ichthyosis, impetigo, inflammatory acne, inflammatory reactions, ingrown nails, intertrigo, irritant contact dermatitis, ischemic necrosis, itching, jock itch, joint pain, Kaposi's sarcoma, keloid, keratinous cyst, keratoacanthoma, keratosis pilaris, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, lichen simplex chronicus, linear immunoglobulin A disease, lipomas, localized pain in general, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, lymphogranloma venereum, male pattern baldness, malignant melanoma, malignant tumors, mastocytosis, measles, melanoma, midcycle pain, midcycle pain due to ovulation, miliaria, mittelschmerz, moles, molluscum contagiosum, MRSA, mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC), muscle pain, necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing myositis, necrotizing subcutaneous infection, necrotizing subcutaneous infections, nodular papulopustular acne, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), non-inflammatory acne, nummular dermatitis, oophoritis, oral herpes, osteoarthritis, ostheoarthritis, ovarian cancer, ovarian cysts and masses, paget's disease of the nipples, panniculitis, papules, parapsoriasis paronychia, parasitic infections, parasitic skin infections, paronychial infection, pediculosis, pelvic congestion syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic pain, pemphigus, perianal pruritus, perianal thrush, perioral dermatitis, photo-allergy, photo-damage, photo-irritation, photosensitivity, pigmentation disorders, pimples, pityriasis Lichenoides, pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilaris, poison ivy, poison oak, polyps of the colon and rectum, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, postinflammatory hypopigmentation, post-operative or post-surgical skin conditions, premenstrual syndrome, pressure sores, pressure ulcers, pressure urticaria, pruritis, pruritus ani, pseudofolliculitis barbae, psoriasis, PUPPP, purpura, pustules, pyogenic granuloma, rash, reactions to sunlight, rectal abscess, rectal fistula, rheumatic pain, ringworm, rosacea, roseola, rubella, salpingitis, scabies, scalded skin syndrome, scaling papular diseases, scarring, scleroderma, sebaceous cyst, seborrheic dermatitis, seborrheic keratoses, seborrheic keratosis, sexual arousal disorder, shingles, skin aging, skin cancer, skin neoplasia, skin neoplasms, skin rash, skin tags, skin ulcers, sports injuries, squamous cell carcinoma, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, stasis dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, sun spots, sunburn, thermal burns, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea versicolor, toxic epidermal necrolysis, trauma or injury to the skin, Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis, vaginal cancer, vaginal dryness, vaginismus, varicella zoster virus, viral skin infections, vitamin D deficiency, vitiligo, vulvar cancer, vulvar disorders, vulvar dystrophy, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), vulvar pain, vulvodynia, warts, water hives, wrinkles, xerosis, yeast skin infections, zoster.

Likewise, the composition of the present disclosure is suitable for preventing or treating or alleviating a disorder or anticipated disorder of a body cavity or mucosal surface, e.g., the mucosa of the nose, mouth, eye, ear, respiratory system, vagina, urethra, or rectum. Non limiting examples of such conditions include chlamydia infection, gonorrhea infection, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital warts, bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, chancroid, granuloma Inguinale, lymphogranloma venereum, mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC), molluscum contagiosum, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), trichomoniasis, vulvar disorders, vulvodynia, vulvar pain, yeast infection, vulvar dystrophy, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), contact dermatitis, pelvic inflammation, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, genital cancer, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the vulva, cancer of the vagina, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, anal and rectal disease, anal abscess/fistula, anal cancer, anal fissure, anal warts, Crohn's disease, hemorrhoids, anal itch, pruritus ani, fecal incontinence, constipation, polyps of the colon and rectum.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the composition is useful for the treatment of an infection. In one or more embodiments, the composition is suitable for the treatment or prevention of an infection, selected from the group of a bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, a viral infection and a parasitic infection.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the composition is useful for the treatment of wound, ulcer and burn. This use is particularly important since the composition of the present disclosure creates a thin, semi-occlusive layer, which coats the damaged tissue, while allowing exudates to be released from the tissue.

The composition of the present disclosure is also suitable for administering a hormone to the skin or to a mucosal membrane or to a body cavity, in order to deliver the hormone into the tissue of the target organ, in any disorder that responds to treatment with a hormone.

In one embodiment the disorder is an inflammation, skin inflammation, acne, rosacea, actinic keratosis, skin cancer, a local pain, joint pain and ostheoarthritis; the active agent is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, given at a therapeutically effective concentration.

In light of the hygroscopic nature of the composition, it is further suitable for the treatment and prevention of post-surgical adhesions. Adhesions are scars that form abnormal connections between tissue surfaces. Post-surgical adhesion formation is a natural consequence of surgery, resulting when tissue repairs itself following incision, cauterization, suturing, or other means of trauma. When comprising appropriate protective agents, the foam is suitable for the treatment or prevention of post surgical adhesions. The use of foam is particularly advantageous because foam can expand in the body cavity and penetrate into hidden areas that cannot be reached by any other alternative means of administration.

Cosmetic Use

In one or more embodiments, the composition may be used for cosmetic use. For example it may be used as part of a cosmetic formulation to prevent a cosmetic disorder or to improve the skin. Alternatively it may be used with cosmetic effect for example as a cosmetic remover. It can be dispensed in small quantities targeted to a surface and applied locally with mechanical force causing the foam or gel to break.

Route of Administration

In one or more embodiments the formulations are prepared without propellant and are applied as a gel or ointment, for example, with the tetracycline as a suspension. Alternatively, in one or more embodiments the formulations are prepared with a propellant and are applied as a foam.

In one or more embodiments, the gel is capable of forming a foamable composition when packaged into an aerosol canister, equipped with a valve and pressurized with a liquid or pressurized gas propellant and is capable of releasing a foam of quality that is breakable upon application of shear force but is not thermolabile at about or close to body temperature (about 36° C.).

In one or more embodiments, upon addition of between about 8% to about 12% propellant, the formulations 238P, 238A, 238B, 238C, 238D, 244A, 244B, 244P in Examples 4, 6 and 7 provided a foam of good or excellent quality that had a collapse time in excess of 3 minutes.

Application can be hourly, 2 hourly, 3 hourly, four hourly, six hourly or eight hourly, twelve hourly, daily, alternate-day or intermittent, as necessary. For reasons of compliance less frequent applications, where possible are preferable such as twice—daily or daily single applications. In cases where prolonged or long term treatment is required a higher initial dose is provided followed by a gradual reduction to a lower maintenance dose, which can be increased if further outbreaks occur.

The formulations are suitable for administration directly or indirectly to an inflicted area, in need of treatment, through the following routes of administration:

-   -   1. Topical administration: for local effect, it is applied         directly where its action is desired;     -   2. Enteral: when the desired effect is systemic (non-local), it         is given via the digestive tract; and     -   3. Parenteral: when the desired effect is systemic, it is given         by other routes than the digestive tract

The following list more specifically exemplifies some routes of administration.

1. Topical

Topical administration is any form of administration that reaches a body organ topically, such as epicutaneous administration (application onto the skin), inhalation, enema, eye drops (onto the conjunctiva), ear drops, intranasal (into the nose) and vaginal.

Exemplary dosage forms that are suitable for topical administration of the stable tetracycline formulations include cream, gel, liniment, lotion, ointment, paste, spray, foam, mousse, lacquer (e.g., for nail treatment) and transdermal patch. Additionally, topical vaginal dosage forms may include a douche, an intrauterine device, a pessary (vaginal suppository), a vaginal ring and a vaginal tablet. Rectal dosage forms include enema and suppositories. Inhaled dosage forms include aerosol inhalers, metered dose inhalers and solutions for nebulizer. Ophthalmic dosage forms include eye drop (solution or suspension), ophthalmic gel and ophthalmic ointment. In another embodiment the dosage form is a foam that is quickly breaking (non thermally stable) or breakable under shear force which allows comfortable application and well directed administration to the target area.

2. Enteral

Enteral is any form of administration that involves any part of the gastrointestinal tract by mouth (orally), as buccal or sublingual tablets, capsules, suspensions, solutions, powder or drops; by gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding tube, or gastrostomy; and rectally, in suppository or enema form.

3. Parenteral by Injection or Infusion

Intravenous (into a vein); intraarterial (into an artery); intramuscular (into a muscle); intracardiac (into the heart); subcutaneous (under the skin); intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow); intradermal, (into the skin itself); intrathecal (into the spinal canal); and intraperitoneal (into the peritoneum).

4. Other Parenteral

Transdermal (diffusion through the intact skin); transmucosal (diffusion through a mucous membrane), e.g. insufflation (snorting), sublingual, buccal (absorbed through cheek near gumline) and vaginal; and inhalational; epidural (synonym: peridural) (injection or infusion into the epidural space); and intravitreal.

EXAMPLES

The invention is described with reference to the following examples, in a non-limiting manner. The following examples exemplify the compositions and methods described herein. The examples are for the purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting. Many variations will suggest themselves and are within the full intended scope.

Example 1—General Manufacturing Procedures

The following procedures are used to produce gel and foam samples described in the examples below, in which only the steps relevant to each formulation are performed depending on the type and nature of ingredients used.

Step 1: Hydrophobic solvent are heated to 60-70° C.

Step 2: Fatty alcohols if present, fatty acids if present, surfactants if present are added to the hydrophobic solvent and the formulation is mixed until complete melting.

Step 3: The formulation is cooled down to 30-40° C., active ingredients if present are added and the formulation is mixed until homogeneity is obtained.

Step 4—for Gels: The formulation is cooled down to room temperature under mixing and packaged into suitable containers.

Step 4—for Foams: The formulation is packaged in aerosol canisters which are crimped with a valve, pressurized with propellant and equipped with an actuator suitable for foam dispensing. Optionally a metered dosage unit can utilized, to achieve delivery of repeatable measured doses of foam.

Materials

TABLE 1 Exemplary possible ingredients suitable for the production of gels and/or foamable compositions disclosed herein. Equivalent materials from other manufacturers can also be used satisfactorily. Chemical Name Function Commercial Name Supplier Alpha-tocopherol Antioxidant Alpha-tocopherol Sigma-Aldrich Beeswax white Foam adjuvant Beeswax white Henry Lamotte Behenyl alcohol Foam adjuvant Lanette 22 Cognis Benzoyl peroxide Active agent Benzoyl peroxide Spectrum BHA Antioxidant Butylhydroxyanisole Merk BHT Antioxidant Butylated Hydroxitoluene Spectrum C12-C15 alkyl benzoate Solvent C12-C15 alkyl benzoate Finetex Castor oil Solvent Castor oil Fluka Ceteareth-20 Surfactant Sympatens acs 200G Colb Cetearyl octanoate Solvent Luvitol EHO BASF Ceteth-2 Surfactant Lipocol C-2 Lipo Cetostearyl alcohol Foam adjuvant Speziol C16-C18 Cognis Cetyl alcohol Foam adjuvant Speziol C16 Cognis Cholesterol Wax Cholesterol Spectrum Cocoglycerides Solvent Novata A Cognis Coconut oil Solvent Coconut oil Henry Lamotte Cyclomethicone-5 Solvent ST-cyclomethicone-5 Dow Diclofenac Sodium Active agent Diclofenac Sodium Spectrum Diethylene glycol Solvent Transcutol Gattefosse monoethyl ether Dimethyl Isosorbide Solvent Dimethyl Isosorbide Dotticon Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide Fluka Diisopropyl adipate Solvent Isoadipate Symrise GmbH Doxycycline Hyclate Active agent Doxycycline Hyclate Yangzhou Ethanol Absolute Solvent Ethanol Absolute J. T. Baker Ethylcellulose Polymer EC-Ethocel 100 cP FP Colorcon Dow Gelled mineral oil Solvent Versagel M 750 Penreco PPG-20 Methyl Glucose Humectant Glucam P20 Distearate Lubrizol Ether Distearate Glycerin Solvent Glycerin Cognis Glyceryl monostearate Surfactant Cutina GMS V PH Cognis Hard Fat Wax Softisan 378 Sasol Heavy Mineral Oil Solvent Paraffin oil liquid heavy Gadot Hexylene Glycol Solvent Hexylene Glycol Sigma-Aldrich Hydrogenated castor oil Foam adjuvant Cutina HR Cognis Isododecane Solvent AB117128 ABCR GmbH & Co. KG Isopropyl myristate Solvent Isopropyl Myristate Ph. Cognis Isostearic acid Foam adjuvant Isostearic acid Stearinerie Dubois Isostearyl alcohol Solvent Prisorine 3515 Croda Lanolin Foam adjuvant Lanolin Spectrum Laureth-4 Surfactant Dehydol LS 4 DEO N Cognis Light Mineral Oil Solvent Pioner 2076P Hansen & Rosenthal MCT Oil Solvent Captex 355 Abitec Menthol Additive Menthol Premium Ingredients Int. Methyl glucose Surfactant Tego Care PS Evonik Goldeshmidt sesquistearate Metronidazole Active agent Metronidazole Galdetma Minocycline HCl Active agent Minocycline HCl Hovione Mometasone furoate Active agent Mometasone furoate Sicor de Mexico Cetearyl alcohol & Surfactant Montanov S Seppic coconut alcohol Myristyl alcohol Foam adjuvant Speziol C14 Cognis Octyldodecanol Solvent Eutanol G Cognis Oleic acid Solvent Oleic acid Spectrum Oleth-20 Surfactant Emulgin O 0 S Cognis Oleyl alcohol Solvent HD Eutanol V PH Cognis Palmitic acid Foam adjuvant Edenor C16 98-100GW Cognis Paraffin wax 42-44 Wax Paraffin 42-44 Merck Paraffin wax 51-53 Wax Paraffin 51-53 Merck Paraffin wax 58-62 Wax Paraffin 58-62 Merck PEG-40 Hydrogenated Surfactant Emulgin HRE 40 Cognis castor oil Polyethylene glycol-200 Solvent PEG 200 Merck Polyethylene glycol-400 Solvent PEG 400 Sigma-Aldrich PEG-75 Lanolin Surfactant SOLULAN 75 Lubrizol PEG-100 Stearate Surfactant Myrj 59 P Croda PEG-150 distearate Surfactant Emulgin EO 33 Cognis Permethrin Active agent Permethrin Sigma Petrolatum Carrier Sofmetic LMP Sofmetic Pimecrolimus Active agent Pimecrolimus — PPG 15 stearyl ether Solvent Arlamol E Uniqema PPG-20-methyl Humectant Glucam P-20 Lubrizol glucose ether Propane/Isobutane/ Propellant A-46 Aeropress Butane (20:78:2) Propane/Isobutane/ Propellant AP-70 Aeropress Butane (55:18:27) Propyl gallate Antioxidant Propyl gallate Sigma-Aldrich Propylene glycol Solvent Propylene glycol Gadot Salicylic acid Active agent Salicylic acid Merck Silicon dioxide Dispersant Aerosil R 972 PH Evonik-Goldschmidt GmbH Sorbitan sesquistearate Surfactant Tego care PS Degussa Soybean oil Solvent Soybean oil Spectrum Sorbitan monopalmitate Surfactant SPAN 40 Spectrum Sorbitan monostearate Surfactant SPAN 60 Uniqema Steareth-2 Surfactant Brij 72 Spectrum Steareth-21 Surfactant Brij 721 Spectrum Stearic acid Foam adjuvant Edenol ST1M Cognis Stearyl Alcohol Foam adjuvant Speziol C18 Cognis Sucrose stearic acid Surfactant Surfhope SE D1803 Mitsubishi estersD1803 Sucrose stearic acid Surfactant Surfhope SE D1807 Mitsubishi estersD1807 Sucrose stearic acid Surfactant Surfhope SE D1811 Mitsubishi estersD1811 Sucrose stearic acid Surfactant Surfhope SE D1813 Mitsubishi estersD1813 Terbinafine HCl Active agent Terbinafine HCl Taro Tetracycline HCl Active agent Tetracycline HCl Xian lijun Titanium dioxide — Kemira AFDC Kermira Polysorbate 20 Surfactant Tween 20 Merck Polysorbate 60 Surfactant Tween 60 Merck Urea Active agent Urea Gadot Vitamin E Antioxydant Tocopherol Sigma White Petrolatum Carrier Vaseline codex GAL Aiglon (hard) White Petrolatum Carrier Sofmetic LMF MMP (soft) 1,3-Butandiol Solvent Butylene Glycol Sigma-Aldrich C12-15 Alkyl Lactate Emollient C12-15 Alkyl Lactate A&E Connock

Canisters Filling and Crimping

Each aerosol canister is filled with the bulk formulation) and crimped with valve using vacuum crimping machine. The process of applying a vacuum will cause most of the oxygen present to be eliminated. Addition of hydrocarbon propellant may, without being bound by any theory, further help to reduce the likelihood of any remaining oxygen reacting with the active ingredient. It may do so, without being bound by any theory, by one or more of dissolving in, to the extent present, the oil or hydrophobic phase of the formulation, by dissolving to a very limited extent in the aqueous phase, by competing with some oxygen from the formulation, by diluting out any oxygen, by a tendency of oxygen to occupy the dead space, and by oxygen occupying part of the space created by the vacuum being the unfilled volume of the canister or that remaining oxygen is rendered substantially ineffective in the formulation.

Pressurizing & Propellant Filling

Pressurizing is carried out using a hydrocarbon gas or gas mixture. Canisters are filled and then warmed for 30 seconds in a warm bath at 50° C. and well shaken immediately thereafter.

By way of non-limiting example, tests are briefly set out below as would be appreciated by a person of the art.

Viscosity is measured with Brookfield LVDV-II+PRO with spindle SC4-25 at ambient temperature and 20, 10, 5 and/or 1 RPM. Viscosity is usually measured at 10 RPM or 20 RPM. However, at about the apparent upper limit for the spindle of ˜<50,000 CP, the viscosity at 1 RPM may be measured, although the figures are of a higher magnitude.

Chemical Stability: the amount of active agent present is analyzed chromatographically. Analysis is carried out after formulation preparation and at appropriate time intervals thereafter. The samples are typically stored in controlled temperature incubators at one or more of 5° C., 25° C. and 40° C. for several weeks or months. At appropriate time intervals samples are removed from the incubators and the concentration of active agent and/or a degradation product is measured.

Example 2—Oleaginous Formulations with Low Viscosity

The different hydrophobic solvents suitable for use in topical pharmaceutical compositions are generally liquid oils that have a low viscosity. When these oils are used as-is for active agents topical delivery, they have inter alia two non desirable properties: (1) because of their low viscosity, they tend to drop and to be runny and therefore not easy for the patient to apply onto the skin, (2) they have poor suspending properties leading to the rapid sedimentation of non-dissolved active ingredients (APIs), as described in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Low viscosity oleaginous preparations Formulations 001P 001 002P 002 008P 008 % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Ingredients Heavy mineral oil 75.00 75.00 — — — — Light mineral oil 25.00 25.00 — — — — Soybean oil — — 100 100 — — Petrolatum — — — — 50 50 C12-C15 alkyl — — — — 50 50 benzoate Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Minocycline HCl — 0.1 — 0.1 — 0.1 Results Viscosity at 10 96 92 47 49 488 303 rpm (cP)

As shown in formulations 001P and 002P, mixtures of mineral oils and soybean oil have a low viscosity. Formulations 001 and 002 show that after the addition of Minocycline HCl, the viscosity of the formulation remains unchanged and that the active ingredient sediments (as observed visually).

Similarly, as shown in formulations 008P and 008, the viscosity of mixtures of petrolatum and alkyl benzoate remains unchanged after the addition of Minocycline HCl.

Example 3—Oleaginous Formulations with High Viscosity

The influence of the combination of a tetracycline with fatty alcohols, fatty acids and waxes on formulation viscosity was assessed, as described in Table 3a. Formulations were prepared containing petrolatum or coconut oil, alone or in combination with fatty alcohols or fatty acids, and their viscosity was measured before and after the addition of 0.1% of a tetracycline, namely Minocycline HCl. Table 3 below presents the results of formulation viscosity before and after the addition of a tetracycline, as well as the percentage of viscosity increase due to the addition of the active ingredient. Apparently, as observed in this experiment, when the viscosity of the composition without minocycline is high, such as about or more than 25,000 cPs, the synergistic effect between the minocycline (at a low level of 0.1%) and the second rheology modifying agent is not discernable or is not expressed or does not prevail.

TABLE 3 High viscosity oleaginous preparations Formulations 018 019 020 021 022 023 Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Petrolatum 100 90 90 90 — — Coconut oil — — — — 100 90 Stearyl alcohol — 10 — 5 — 10 Stearic acid — — 10 5 — — Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm (cP) Without Minocycline HCl 17692 24347 21611 41511 20604 24571 With 0.1% Minocycline HCl 20252 21499 22011 40151 19340 22459 % Viscosity Change +14% −12% +2% −3% −6% −9%

Example 4—Mineral Oil-Based Formulations with Controlled Viscosity

Part A—Combination of a Tetracycline with a Fatty Alcohol, a Fatty Acid or a Wax

The influence of the combination of a tetracycline with fatty alcohols, fatty acids and waxes on formulation viscosity was assessed, as described in Table 4a. Formulations containing a mixture of mineral oils with fatty alcohols, fatty acids, waxes and combinations thereof were prepared, and their viscosity was measured before and after the addition of a tetracycline, namely Minocycline HCl. Table 4a below presents the results of formulation viscosity before and after the addition of a tetracycline, as well as the percentage of viscosity increase due to the addition of the active ingredient.

TABLE 4a Combination of a tetracycline with fatty alcohols, fatty acid and waxes Formulations 003 004 005 024 027 036 028 Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Heavy mineral oil 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 Light mineral oil 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 Stearyl alcohol 10 — — — 5 — 5 Stearic acid — 10 — — — 5 — Beeswax — — 10 — — — 2.5 Hydrogenated — — — 5 5 5 2.5 castor oil Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm (cP) Without Minocycline HCl 951 1858 942 848 10718 6719 5823 With 0.1% Minocycline HCl 2652 8142 1695 6223 38936 26762 16924 % Viscosity Change +179% +338% +80% +634% +263% +298% +191%

Surprisingly, it was discovered that the addition of minocycline HCl to mineral oil-based formulations 003 to 005 led to a substantial increase in viscosity, despite the very low concentration of minocycline HCL used, namely 0.1%. These totally unexpected results show that the combination of a tetracycline, even at very low concentrations, with fatty alcohols, or fatty acids or waxes has a strong synergistic effect on oleaginous formulation viscosity. Without being bound by any theory it seems that tetracyclines can interact with fatty acids or fatty alcohols to produce a rheology viscosity effect and may interact to form—without being bound by any theory a complex of some sort in the formulation, which provides for the rheology effect observed.

As shown in formulations 027, 036 and 028, the same effect of low concentrations of tetracycline on formulation viscosity is observed when the oleaginous composition contains a combination of a fatty alcohol or fatty acid with hydrogenated castor oil, with or without beeswax.

The results also indicate a strong role for hydrogenated caster oil as a rheology modulator in combination with minocycline as well as on its own to a lesser extent.

Part B—Combination of a Tetracycline with Different Fatty Alcohols

The influence of the combination of a tetracycline with different fatty alcohols on formulation viscosity was assessed, as described in Table 4b. Formulations containing a mixture of mineral oils with different fatty alcohols were prepared, and their viscosity was measured before and after the addition of a tetracycline, namely minocycline HCl. Table 4b below presents the results and shows, the percentage of viscosity change due to the addition of the active ingredient.

TABLE 4b Combination of a tetracycline with different fatty alcohols Formulations 037 038 039 041 Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Heavy mineral oil 65 65 65 65 Light mineral oil 25 25 25 25 Myristyl alcohol 10 — — — Cetyl alcohol — 10 — — Stearyl alcohol — — 10 — Behenyl alcohol — — — 10 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm (cP) Without Minocycline HCl 336 1808 960 5679 With 0.1% Minocycline HCl 1040 5775 4591 6527 % Viscosity Change +210% +219% +378% +15%

The results indicate that an increase in formulation viscosity upon addition of Minocyclineminocycline HCl is observed with myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol. However, in this experiment the corresponding effect of behenyl alcohol alone (with low minocycline concentration) is lower.

Part C—Formulation with Increased Viscosity and Various Concentrations of Minocycline

The influence of the combination of different concentrations of a tetracycline with fatty alcohols, fatty acids, waxes and combinations thereof on formulation viscosity was assessed, as described in Table 4c. Formulations containing a mixture of mineral oils with fatty alcohols, fatty acids, waxes and combinations thereof were prepared, and their viscosity was measured before and after the addition of different concentrations of a tetracycline, namely minocycline HCl.

TABLE 4c Formulation with increased viscosity and various concentrations of Minocycline Formulations 014 015 016 017 024 Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Heavy mineral oil 65 65 65 65 65 Light mineral oil 30 30 30 30 30 Stearyl alcohol 5 — — 2.5 1.25 Stearic acid — 5 — — 1.25 Beeswax — — — — 1.25 Hydrogenated — — 5 2.5 1.25 castor oil Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm (cP) Without Minocycline HCl 152 135 848 4527 2815 With 0.1% Minocycline HCl 234 779 6223 7007 4191 % Viscosity Change  +54% +477%  +634%  +55%  +49% Without Minocycline HCl 152 135 848 4527 2815 With 0.5% Minocycline HCl 1212 1107 14973 12717 9054 % Viscosity Change +697% +720% +1666% +181% +222% Without Minocycline HCl 152 135 848 4527 2815 With 1.0% Minocycline HCl 878 819 20108 10510 7806 % Viscosity Change +478% +507% +2271% +132% +177%

Surprisingly, it was discovered that the addition of minocycline HCl to mineral oil-based formulations 014 to 017 and 024, containing as low as 5% of a fatty alcohol, a fatty acid a wax and combinations thereof, led to a very substantial increase in viscosity, where the increase in viscosity is dependent of the concentration of the active ingredient. It was noticed that formulations having a higher concentration of active ingredient have a higher viscosity.

Therefore, the combination of a tetracycline with a fatty alcohol, a fatty acid and/or a wax has a strong synergistic effect in the viscosity of oleaginous formulation. The results may indicate that subject to the second rheology agent used the effect of a certain concentration of tetracycline may reach a plateau or peak beyond which increasing the amount of minocycline will not significantly increase the rheology effect as reflected in the viscosity measurements.

A first glass vial was filed with a placebo of formulation 016, and a second glass vial was filed with formulation 016 containing 0.1% minocycline HCl. As depicted in FIG. 2, both vials were photographed in horizontal and vertical position showing that the placebo formulation is a liquid which freely flows, while the formulation containing 0.1% minocycline HCl is a semi-solid gel-like. Therefore, the addition of an amount as small as 0.1% minocycline HCl to said formulation has an outstanding effect both of the formulation viscosity and on the formulation physical state which changes from a liquid to a semi-solid.

The influence of the addition of different concentrations of a tetracycline on a mineral oils-based formulation was then studied when the active ingredient is combined with a mixture of mineral oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids and waxes, as described in Table 4d and 4e.

TABLE 4d Oleaginous stock formulation Stock Formulation 238P Ingredients % w/w Heavy mineral oil 59.25 Light mineral oil 25.00 Cyclomethicone 5.00 Stearyl alcohol 1.50 Beeswax 2.00 Stearic acid 2.00 Hydrogenated castor oil 1.50 Behenyl alcohol 1.00 Cetostearyl alcohol 2.50 Silicon dioxide 0.25 Total 100.00

TABLE 4e Oleaginous preparations with increased viscosity Formulations 238P 238A 238B 238C 238D Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Stock Formulation 238P 100.00 99.90 99.80 99.50 99.00 Minocycline HCl — 0.10 0.20 0.50 1.00 Viscosity Results 6639 15789 18476 20876 20748 at 10 rpm (cP) % Viscosity Change — +138% +178% +214% +213%

The combination of a tetracycline with a mixture of mineral oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids and waxes has a strong synergistic effect and increases the formulation viscosity. The viscosity of a formulation containing 0.50% minocycline HCl is about three times higher than the viscosity of the placebo formulation. The effect on the formulation viscosity is clearly related to the concentration of the tetracycline: the higher the tetracycline concentration, the higher the viscosity of the formulation. In formulation 238, it appears that the viscosity increasing effect of Minocycline HCl reaches a plateau when the active ingredient is present at a concentration of about 0.50%.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided an oleaginous formulation containing mineral oils and a tetracycline in synergistic combination with a fatty alcohol, and/or a fatty acid and/or a wax, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is increased by the addition of the active ingredient by more than about 50%, more than about 100%, more than about 200%, more than about 300%, or more than about 500%.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided an oleaginous formulation containing hydrophobic solvents, an active ingredient in synergistic combination with a second rheology modulator, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is increased by the addition of the active ingredient by more than about 50%, more than about 100%, more than about 200%, more than about 300%, or more than about 500%.

In one or more embodiments, the increase in the formulation viscosity is related to the concentration of the active agent.

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity of the formulation is proportional to the concentration of the active agent: the higher the concentration of the active ingredient, the higher the formulation viscosity.

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity increasing effect of the active ingredient reaches a plateau when the concentration of the active ingredient is increased.

In one or more embodiments, the viscosity of the formulation containing the active ingredient is at least twice the viscosity of the sample formulation without the active ingredient when the active ingredient when present is present at a concentration of less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.05%, or less than about 0.01%.

Example 5—Mixture of Petrolatum and Mineral Oil-Based Formulations with Increased Viscosity

In formulation based on petrolatum and various amounts of mineral oil, the influence of the combination of a tetracycline with fatty alcohols on formulation viscosity was assessed, as described in Table 5. Formulations containing a mixture of petrolatum and light mineral oil with a fatty alcohol were prepared, and their viscosity was measured before and after the addition of a tetracycline, namely minocycline HCl.

TABLE 5 Petrolatum and Mineral oil-based formulations with increased viscosity Formulations 009 010 011 012 013 Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Petrolatum 90 65 40 15 10 Light Mineral oil — 25 50 75 90 Stearyl alcohol 10 10 10 10 10 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 110.00 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm (cP) Without Minocycline HCl 26234 10510 3263 378 341 With 0.1% Minocycline HCl 28058 12254 5039 1204 1307 % Viscosity Change +7% +17% +54% +219% +283%

When the viscosity of the placebo formulation is high, as in formulation 009, and the concentration of minocyline is low (e.g. 0.1%) no significant increase in viscosity was noticed. Formulation 010, which contains low amounts of mineral oil, exhibited a minor increase in viscosity upon the addition of 0.1% minocycline HCl (which with higher amounts of minocycline could have been more substantial). However, very surprisingly, it was observed that the addition of a very low amount of minocycline HCl greatly increases formulation viscosity, when the viscosity of the placebo formulation is lower, as in formulations 011, 012 and 013, which contain increasingly higher amounts of mineral oil.

As shown in FIG. 1, the percentage of change in viscosity by the addition of Minocycline HCl is exponentially related to the viscosity of the formulation placebo.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided an oleaginous formulation containing hydrophobic solvents and a tetracycline in synergistic combination with a fatty alcohol, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is increased by the addition of the active ingredient by more than about 50%, more than about 100%, more than about 200%, more than about 300%, more than about 500%.

In one or more embodiments, the lower the viscosity of the placebo formulation, the greater the increase in formulation viscosity after addition of the active ingredient.

Example 6—Other Oils-Based Formulations with Increased Viscosity

The influence of the addition of a tetracycline on vegetable oils-based formulations was then studied when the active ingredient is combined with a mixture of vegetable oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids and waxes, as described in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Formulation based on vegetable oils with increased viscosity Formulations 244P 244B 244A Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w Soybean oil 50.00 50.00 50.00 Coconut oil 23.60 23.60 23.60 Light Mineral oil 5.55 4.40 0.95 Cyclomethicone 5.00 5.00 5.00 Cetostearyl alcohol 3.50 3.50 3.50 Stearic acid 3.00 3.00 3.00 Myristyl alcohol 2.50 2.50 2.50 Hydrogenated castor oil 2.00 2.00 2.00 Beeswax 2.00 2.00 2.00 Stearyl alcohol 1.50 1.50 1.50 Behenyl alcohol 1.10 1.10 1.10 Silicon dioxide 0.25 0.25 0.25 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 Minocycline HCl — 1.15 4.60 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm (cP) 7214 14429 17084 % Viscosity Change — +100% +137%

The combination of a tetracycline with a mixture of vegetable oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids and waxes has a strong synergistic effect and increases the formulation viscosity. The viscosity of a formulation containing 1.15% minocycline HCl is about twice higher than the viscosity of the placebo formulation. Moreover, the effect on the formulation viscosity is directly related to the concentration of the tetracycline: the higher the tetracycline concentration, the higher the viscosity of the formulation. Formulation 244 is a solid gel which spreads easily upon application of shear force.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided an oleaginous formulation containing vegetable oils and a tetracycline in synergistic combination with a fatty alcohol, a fatty acid and a wax, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is increased by the addition of the active ingredient by more than about 50%, more than about 100%, more than about 200%, more than about 300%, or more than about 500%.

Example 7—Stability of a Tetracycline in Viscosity Controlled Formulations

Tetracycline antibiotics are known to be very unstable active agents that are degraded by a wide range of commonly used pharmaceutical excipients. For example, it has been found that minocycline is degraded in 1 to 2 days in the presence of various hydrophilic solvents (such as water, glycerin, sodium PCA, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols), by water dispersed polymers (such as xanthan gum, poloxamers, carbomers, methocel, sodium carboxymethylcellulose) and by surfactants (such as polysorbates, sorbitan esters, polyoxyalkyl esters and lanolin-based surfactants). Thus, the achievement of a long term stable formulation of tetracycline antibiotics described herein, was a major challenge and required both extensive research and creativity.

The following example illustrates the chemical stability of Minocycline HCl (MCH) in an oleaginous formulation as described in Tables 7a. In an accelerated stability study, samples were stored at 40° C., and the concentration of Minocycline HCl was determined by chromatographic methods. The stability test results following, 3 weeks and 6 months of storage at 40° C. are shown in Table 7b.

TABLE 7a Composition of formulation incubated at 40° C. Formulations 244B Ingredients % w/w Soybean oil 50.00 Coconut oil 23.60 Light Mineral oil 4.40 Cyclomethicone 5.00 Cetostearyl alcohol 3.50 Stearic acid 3.00 Myristyl alcohol 2.50 Hydrogenated castor oil 2.00 Beeswax 2.00 Stearyl alcohol 1.50 Behenyl alcohol 1.10 Silicon dioxide 0.25 Total 100.00 Minocycline HCl 1.11

TABLE 7b Analytical Stability results of composition 244B containing Minocycline HCl after 3 after 6 weeks months T0 at 40° C. at 40° C. Minocycline 101.5% 99.1% 95.3% content (%)

Very surprisingly, and despite the known instability of tetracycline antibiotics, the accelerated stability results of formulation 244B after 3 weeks and 6 months at 40° C. showed minimal degradation of the active agent in the formulations. The formulations disclosed herein thus show an extended accelerated stability for the tetracycline antibiotic active agent, an outstanding physical stability, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is substantially increased by the addition of the active ingredient.

In another experiment, a sample of formulation 244B was stored during 6 months at 40° C. and tested for active ingredient content uniformity and physical stability. It was found that minocycline HCl was homogeneously dispersed into formulation even after prolonged incubation at 40° C. Furthermore, it was found that the formulation remained as a homogeneous gel after 6 months of incubation at 40° C.

In one or more embodiments, there is provided a formulation wherein the active ingredient is homogeneously dispersed in the formulation and remains homogeneously dispersed after 6 months of incubation at 40° C.

Example 8—Formulations with Improved Viscosity and Various Active Ingredients

Formulation with different active ingredients were prepared as described in Table 8a, to study the influence of the combination of various active ingredients with a fatty alcohol on formulation viscosity.

TABLE 8a Formulations of fatty alcohol and oil with improved viscosity with various active ingredients Formulations 029 030 031 032 033 Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Heavy Mineral oil 65 65 65 65 65 Light mineral oil 25 25 25 25 25 Stearyl alcohol 10 10 10 10 10 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Minocycline HCl 0.05 — — — — micronized Minocycline HCl — 0.10 — — — non micronized Tetracycline HCl — — 0.10 — — Cholesterol — — — 0.10 — Benzoyl peroxide — — — — 0.10 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm (cP) Placebo 1152 1152 1152 1152 1152 With Active ingredient 2655 2128 2655 1888 2112 % Viscosity Change +130% +85% +130% +64% +83%

It was found that the increase in viscosity observed after the addition of the active ingredient minocycline is also observed with other active ingredients. A strong increase in formulation viscosity was observed with tetracycline HCl which is another compound of the tetracycline class. To a lesser extent, an increase in formulation viscosity was observed with Cholesterol which is also a 4-ring compound and with benzoyl peroxide. It can be note that the strongest effect was observed with tetracycline compounds, such as Minocycline HCl and Tetracycline HCl. It can be further noted that even at concentrations as low as 0.05%, the addition of Minocycline HCl to the formulations more than doubled the viscosity. It is further noted that micronized preparations appear to have a more pronounced effect. Without being bound by any theory a possible explanation might be that the rheology change is improved when smaller particles are used providing a higher surface area exposure of the active therapeutic, which facilitates more interactions within the composition.

Formulation with different active ingredients were prepared as described in Table 8b and Table 8c, to study the influence of the combination of various active ingredients with a wax on formulation viscosity.

TABLE 8b Formulations of wax and oil with improved viscosity with various active ingredients (continued) Formulations 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Heavy Mineral oil 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 Light mineral oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Hydrogenated Castor oil 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Minocycline HCl 0.10 — — — — — — — micronized Minocycline HCl — 0.10 — — — — — — non micronized Tetracycline HCl — — 0.10 — — — — — Cholesterol — — — 0.10 — — — — Benzoyl peroxide — — — — 0.10 — — — Mometasone Furoate — — — — — 0.10 — — Doxycycline Hyclate — — — — — — 0.10 — Salicylic acid — — — — — — — 0.10 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm(cP) Placebo 816 816 816 816 816 816 816 816 With Active ingredient 3343 13357 8126 2415 7039 10606 7566 8974 % Viscosity Change +310% +1537% +896% +196% +763% +1200% +827% +1000%

TABLE 8c Formulations of wax and oil with improved viscosity with various active ingredients (further continued) Formulations 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 Ingredients % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Heavy Mineral oil 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 Light mineral oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Hydrogenated 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Castor oil Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Vitamin E 0.10 — — — — — — Diclofenac — 0.10 — — — — — Urea — — 0.10 — — — — Terbinafine — — — 0.10 — — — Permethrin — — — — 0.10 — — Metronidazole — — — — — 0.10 — Pimecrolimus — — — — — — 0.10 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm(cP) Placebo 816 816 816 816 816 816 816 With Active ingredient 7310 5663 5551 12733 6623 11246 12909 % Viscosity Change +796% +594% +580% +1461% +712% +1278% +1482%

It was noted that after various active ingredient were added separately to an oil and wax oleaginous formulation a viscosity increase is observed over a wide range of active ingredients.

Example 9—Formulation with Beeswax Alone in Mineral Oil

The influence of a low concentration of tetracycline with beeswax on formulation viscosity was compared in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Oleaginous preparations Formulations 005 Ingredients % w/w Heavy mineral oil 65 Light mineral oil 25 Beeswax 10 Total 100.00 Viscosity Results at 10 rpm (cP) Without Minocycline HCl 942 With 0.1% Minocycline HCl 1695 % Viscosity Change +80%

Example 10—Compatibility Study

Procedure: Minocycline hydrochloride (“MCH”) was incubated as a suspension with various excipients at 25° C. and 40° C. for maximum of sixty days or to the point where degradation was suspected. The ratio between MCH and the tested excipient is detailed below. Visual inspection was the major criterion for indication of compatibility. The color of intact MCH suspension is pale yellow; and any change of color (e.g., to dark orange, red, green, brown and black) indicates oxidation or degradation.

Hydrophilic solvents were tested for compatibility with MCH at a ratio of MCH:excipient of 1:250. Dimethyl Isosorbide, Glycerin, Ethanol, Propylene glycol, Butylene Glycol, PEG 200, Hexylene Glycol, PEG 400, Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether were found to be incompatible with MCH.

Oily emollients and waxes were tested for compatibility with MCH at a ratio of MCH:excipient of 1:250 for Oily emollients and 1:50 for waxes. Hydrogenated castor oil, Castor oil, Cocoglycerides, Disopropyl adipate, Mineral oil light, Coconut oil, Beeswax, MCT oil, Cyclomethicone, Isododecane, Cetearyl octanoate, Gelled mineral oil, Isopropyl myristate, PPG 15 stearyl ether, Mineral oil heavy, Octyl dodecanol, White Petrolatum, Petrolatum (Sofmetic), Paraffin 42-44, Paraffin 51-53, Paraffin 56-62, Calendula oil, Shea butter, Grape seed oil, Almond oil, Jojoba oil, Avocado oil, Peanut oil, Wheat germ oil and Hard Fat were found to be compatible with MCH. Pomegranate seed oil was found to be incompatible with MCH.

The compatibility of MCH with hydrophobic surfactant was tested following solubilization of the surfactant in mineral oil (mineral oil was previously shown to be compatible with MCH). Surfactants were tested for compatibility with MCH at a ratio of MCH:excipient of 1:50. PEG150 distearate, Laureth 4, PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG 75 lanolin, Glucam P20 distearate, PEG100 stearate, Glyceryl monostearate, PEG 40 stearate, Montanov S (Cocoyl Alcohol (and) C12-20 Alkyl Glucoside)), Alkyl lactate, Benton gel, SPAN 60, Sorbitan sesquistearate, SPAN 40, Tween 20, Ceteth 2, Sucrose stearic acid esters D1813, Ceteareth 20, Steareth 2/Steareth 21, Methyl glucose sesquistearate, Oleth 20, PPG 20 methyl glucose ether, Tween 60 were found to be incompatible with MCH. Sucrose stearic acid esters D1803, Sucrose stearic acid esters D1807 and Sucrose stearic acid esters D1811 were found to be compatible with MCH; however, not all of them dissolved in oil (e.g. 1811, 1813).

Foam adjuvants were tested for compatibility with MCH at a ratio of MCH:excipient of 1:50. Isostearyl alcohol, Behenyl alcohol, Stearyl alcohol, Cetyl alcohol, Oleyl alcohol, Myristyl alcohol, Cetostearyl alcohol, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Oleic acid were found to be compatible with MCH. Isostearic acid was not compatible with MCH.

Additives were tested for compatibility with MCH at a ratio of MCH:excipient of 1:50. Aerosil and Menthol were found to be compatible with MCH. Titanium dioxide and Ethocel were not compatible with MCH.

Additives were tested for compatibility with MCH. Minimal quantities of water (1004) were added to MCH, suspended in excipients that had demonstrated compatibility to examine whether water can enhance oxidation/degradation in the absence or presence of antioxidant. In parallel, antioxidants were added to the MCH suspensions comprising water. Antioxidants were also added to excipients which were found to be non compatible with MCH. Addition of water caused prompt degradation of MCH. Addition of the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, BHA/BHT and propyl gallate did not prevent MCH degradation. Compatible excipients became incompatible in the presence of water. Addition of antioxidants did not alter this result. 

1. (canceled)
 2. A method of treating rosacea, comprising administrating a foam composition comprising: a) a combination of at least one fatty alcohol and at least one wax; or a combination of at least one fatty alcohol, at least one fatty acid, and at least one wax; b) at least one hydrophobic solvent; and c) a minocycline at a concentration between about 0.2% and about 20% by weight of the composition; wherein the composition is free of surfactant; wherein the composition has a water activity (Aw) value of less than about 0.9; and wherein the ratio of (1) fatty alcohol to wax or (2) fatty alcohol and fatty acid to wax is between about 1:3 and about 3:1.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the minocycline is present in a free base form, a hydrate form, a salt form, or a complex form.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the foam composition further comprises a doxycycline.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the concentration of the minocycline is between about 1% and about 4% by weight of the composition.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the concentration of the minocycline is about 1.5% by weight of the composition.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one fatty alcohol comprises 14 carbon atoms in its backbone.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the fatty alcohol comprises stearyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, and/or myristyl alcohol.
 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one fatty alcohol is present at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the composition.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one wax and/or the at least one fatty acid is present at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the composition.
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the hydrophobic solvent comprises soybean oil, coconut oil, cyclomethicone, and/or mineral oil.
 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the hydrophobic solvent is present at a concentration from about 60% to about 95% by weight of the composition.
 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the foam composition further comprises a silicon dioxide.
 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the wax comprises beeswax and/or hydrogenated castor oil.
 15. The method of claim 2, wherein the wax comprises beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil are at a ratio of about 5:1 to about 1:1.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil are at a ratio of about 2:1 to about 1:1.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil are at a ratio of about 4:3.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil are at a ratio of about 1:1.
 20. The method of claim 2, wherein the composition has an Aw value of less than about 0.5.
 21. A method of treating rosacea, comprising administrating a foam composition comprising: a) a combination of at least one fatty alcohol and at least one wax; or a combination of at least one fatty alcohol, at least one fatty acid, and at least one wax; b) at least one hydrophobic solvent; and c) a minocycline at a concentration between about 0.2% and about 20% by weight of the composition; wherein the composition is free of surfactant; wherein the composition is essentially waterless; and wherein the ratio of (1) fatty alcohol to wax or (2) fatty alcohol and fatty acid to wax is between about 1:3 and about 3:1.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the minocycline is present in a free base form, a hydrate form, a salt form, or a complex form.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the foam composition further comprises a doxycycline.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the concentration of the minocycline is between about 1% and about 4% by weight of the composition.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the concentration of the minocycline is about 1.5% by weight of the composition.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one fatty alcohol comprises 14 carbon atoms in its backbone.
 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the fatty alcohol comprises stearyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, and/or myristyl alcohol.
 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one fatty alcohol is present at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the composition.
 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one wax and/or the at least one fatty acid is present at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the composition.
 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the hydrophobic solvent comprises soybean oil, coconut oil, cyclomethicone, and/or mineral oil.
 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the hydrophobic solvent is present at a concentration from about 60% to about 95% by weight of the composition.
 32. The method of claim 21, wherein the foam composition further comprises a silicon dioxide.
 33. The method of claim 21, wherein the wax comprises a mixture of beeswax and/or hydrogenated castor oil.
 34. The method of claim 21, wherein the wax comprises beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil are at a ratio of about 5:1 to about 1:1.
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil are at a ratio of about 2:1 to about 1:1.
 37. The method of claim 34, wherein the beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil are at a ratio of about 4:3.
 38. The method of claim 34, wherein the beeswax and hydrogenated castor oil are at a ratio of about 1:1.
 39. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition has an Aw value of less than about 0.5. 